academy op sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 31 



No. 2] "- 1 



§ 32. Verbs of the Types cv and cvcv 



So far as our material shows, verbs in which the consonant preceding the terminal a is voiced 



(except m), never change a to e. 



*ba to blame, criticise; b.la to be smooth, flat, level; — *g.la to dislike, abhor {-g.la to stretch out long 



narrow looped object) {g.la to go homeward, changes) ; — {-)hla to rattle (as a gourd, tail of rattle 

 snake) ; — Ha to ask for, demand, to consider as, regard as; -kala' to spill, pour granular material; — 



*sla' to be greasy, oily; — (-)ila bare of growth; za to stand erect (plants, trees); paza' to push 



upward (used in sacred language of Sun Dance); kaza' to separate sinew fibers for sewing; yuza'za 



to slash into broad strips, as meat stripped from ribs; za to cook (porridge, etc.) -zaza to washj — ■ 



-ga to husk (corn); -wa'owa' to write, yawa to read; — (-)hwa' to be sleepy; swa fringed, frayed, 



as goods (kaswa' to slash fringes, to be fringed) ; kawa to open up (from at least two sides, as a 



folding door, the mouth, a bud) ; — *k l uwa' to pursue; g.na to take off small things in rows, like 



peas; — kig.na' (we'g.na 1st person) to comfort, soothe, 'akig.na a bird broods on its eggs, young 

 ones; — *hna' to groan, snort (as an expression of emotional excitement); — m.na' to smell of {'o'm.na 



to use the sense of smell) ; m.na to rip (varied meanings) ; — *'ona' fire spreads over an extensive 



area, prairie fire; — (-)srao' to tinkle; sna missed, dropped; wosna' to miss shooting, yusna' to 



drop, to make a mistake, yasna' to miss with the mouth, etc. 



For other sounds no fixed rules have been found. Not changeable: 



yuha to have, hold, carry, own (changes in Santee); — *'o'(ma)ha it adheres, clings to (me) (as mud); — 

 'o(wa')-ha si (I) put into; 'oyu'ha to pull into; 'opa'ha to push into, etc.; — wi'(ma)haha 33 (I) am 

 cheerful (contracted from wa-i'haha); — nagi'haha to be scared, as by a ghost (nagi' ghost); — *hpa' 

 he is untidy; with instrumental prefixes a changes, *hpa' it is down, changes; — *pV bitter 

 (-p'a; yap'a' to hold in mouth; kap'a', wop'a' to pound; nap'a' to run from danger, all change); — 

 (p'a) to bark; s%gwa'p'a the barking of dogs; — *'o'p'a to join, except 'o'p'eya including (adv.), he 

 causes him to join, (*'op'a' to go by way of, changes except 'op'a'ya along the course of a river) ; — ■ 



*{wa)ki'g.ma (I) resemble (my parents) ;■ — wa(wa')kta (I) anticipate, expect, look for; s'a to hiss 



(like a snake), kas'a' to soar; — sa' red; — (-)psa' he sneezes; — s'a' it is full of confused sound, din, 

 *'as'a' to jeer, shout at someone; — (-)kca' to hang loose (like hair); to comb; — {na)hca' to blossom, 

 to grow layer on layer (like proud flesh) (Rca indeed, adverb, changes like verbs) ; — yuka' (b.luka' 



1st person) to trim a feather so as to leave only the quill; — (-)ska' white; ha to be curly; naha' 



to be curly by nature; yuha'ha 3 * to curl — (ha' to bury, changes in Teton, used in Yankton by E. D.'s 

 father as unchangeable);' — yuha', iya'yuha to stay constantly with a person to whom one is at- 

 tached; — (-)iha' to smile, laugh gently, (-)iha't'a to laugh aloud; — *'i'ha to make fun of someone; — 

 *(h'a) to sound like small objects falling; to be scattered 



cvcv stems 



*'apa' (always with a verb of existence or motion) attached, wqhi'kpewq'apa'-g.W he returned with an 

 arrow (in him); — wiya'kpa to shine brightly, to sparkle (wi sun, a on, kpa); — skokpa' concave, 

 hollow (as a pit) ; — 'oh'o'kpa (eyes, cheeks) are hollow, sunken; — 'iya'p'a to strike (a clock), to beat 

 (heart), to hit against ('ap'a' to hit, changes); — 'ak'i'p'a to meet by chance, waa'k'ip'a or wa'k'i- 

 p'a to suffer a bereavement; — 'iha' (wa)kta (I) feel loath to leave a person, place; — H(ma')wikta (lam) 

 justly proud of it; — kikta' (we'kta 1st person) to sit up from reclining; — haki'kta to look back 

 when going along; — hoksi Iwikta to act babyish (w\kte to act womanish); — c'i'kta to whine, be 

 fretful, as a child; — c'atka' to be left handed; — sliika' to taper to a point; — 'ii'(wa)c'a (I) mock, 

 imitate; — k'ec'a' shaggy; — sa'k'a raw (as uncooked plants) (Santee); — wq'k'a, wq'k'ala weak, 

 fragile; stak'a to moisten; — (-)ci'k'a, ci'k'ala small; — wa(ma')tuk'a (I) am tired 



In a number of cases simple forms change terminal a while forms with prefixes or in com- 

 pounds are invariable. 



Variable Invariable 



'ap'a' to. strike 'iya'p'a to strike against 



ni'ca to lack 'ani'ca to withhold; 'ig.lo'nica; 'ak'i'nica to dispute; 



'%c'unica (<i.'o-ec\-nica) to be hesitant; wahpa'nica 



to be poverty-stricken 



" The dash indicates that one of the instrumentals ya, pa, etc., is required. 



33 Contracted from wai'haha. 



« Does not change because reduplicated. (See p. 30.) 



