32 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Mem Tvol A £x"ii a i l 



The following also behave irregularly 



Variable Invariable 



yu'ta to eat 'ayu'ta to look at 

 'aya'ta to bring about by saying 



'opV to go by way of 'o'p'a to take part in, to join a group 



§ 33. Stems of the Types cq and cvcq 



Verbs of the type cq are unchangeable, except hq to stand, its derivatives, and a few 

 others. 



*g.lihq' to land on one's feet; to stand where one belongs (a cliff, rainbow) ; — g.lihe'ya, reduplicated 



g.lihe'heya (adv.) perpendicular; — 'og.li'heya '% he wears it (a garment) straight and loose 



(without a belt) 

 *h\h(\ iain falls; — wal h\hq' it snows; — h\hq'hq it is raining, also adverb; — 'ama'yuhiheca he rather 



upsets (makes fall) things for me (the only case with yu-; an idiom) 

 *hnahq' to hang down loose; — 'i' hnahq' a lip hangs down loosely; — Rnahe'ya adverb 

 (-)pehq to fold flexible objects; yui'yapehq he wraps it around; yupe'heya yqka' it is there folded; 

 (-)pehq'hq to writhe as a snake; a person in pain (iv because reduplicated) 

 yupe'hq, kape'hq, nape'hq used only as adverbs; nape'heya yqka' folded in a looped condition from having 



been kicked 

 (-)ske'hq to be obstreperous, reduplicated ske'hqhq (iv) 

 'a(wa')skehq (I) neglect, 'aske'hesni he does not neglect it 

 (wa)ki nihq to be cordial to, yuo'nihq to honor, 'ini'hq to be excited by something; do not belong to 



this series and are unchangeable, 'ini'hqsni headlong (adv.) 

 hq following demonstratives does not change its q to e, he'hq'sni it was not then (see pp. 60, 117) 



Other verbs in q changing to e: 



hihtq' to be porous (stem htq rough and absorbent) changeable in h\hte'ya, (adv.) ; 'oka'htq to soak 

 through, does not change. This is contracted from -h%ta to soften hide by rubbing, htqhq' it is 

 finely roughened; therefore by origin stem in a) 



yatkq to drink 



yuk'q there is 



lowq to sing, changes in Sisseton, not in Teton 



Many verbs ending in yq and wq preceded by n or a nazalized vowel are changeable. Evi- 

 dently the terminal nasalization is due to contamination and the stems should be classed as a 

 stems. Here belong: 



*tywq' to look, to open eyes; — *nif.wq' to swim, n%wq'wq adverb; — *k\yq' to fly, also adverb -ptqyq to 

 overturn on its side, 'ikpa'ptq to turn over in bed (iv) ; 'optq' yq,'optq' ptqyq, adverb, like a rider hiding 

 alternately on one side of horse than on the other, dodging arrows, ptqptq's'e, ptqptq (ye)la unsteady; 

 wobbly, 'optq'ye-ic'Vya he caused himself to fall sideways, 'aptq'yq to be prostrated, euphem- 

 istically, to die; — (-)g.naski'yq to be frenzied, crazy, g.naski'yq, g.naski'yqyq (adv.); — *g.na'yq 

 to deceive, fool; — 'ina'piskqyq to toy with, to act with the hands (stem nap hand; i; skq to move) ; — 

 'ohi'yq to sulk on account of a slight, see c'qhi'yq he worries him {<^c'qt-h\-ya) 



All causatives in -yq belong to this group. 



wi'yuskiyq to make happy {'iy%'sk\ to be pleased on account of); — 'oif'yq to have for a habitation 

 tqyq' to be better (after sickness), verb and adverb reduplicated tqtq'yq, adverb does not belong to this 

 group. It is derived from the unchangeable tq and is itself unchangeable except in tqye'hci subordi- 

 nate form, thoroughly, actually, in every detail; tqye'la to a nicety 



§ 34. Nouns Changing a to e in Possessive Form 



Most nouns ending in a do not change their terminal a. 

 Only two have been found that change and that are not verbal derivatives. 

 hq'pa moccasin t'ahq'pe; — si^'ka dog I'asii'ke his horse;- — {t'a'hca-h%ka sheep) 



