academy op sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 33 



No. 2] '-"-' 



The others, not numerous, are verbal derivatives. 



'owq'ka bed (Yankton), t'o'wqke his bed (Yankton); — 'owi'za bedding, t'o'wiie his bedding; — (haka' 

 long things standing apart), t'ac'q'haliake spine cut of animal; — c'uwi'g.naka woman's dress, 

 t'ac'u'wig.nake; — 'ip'i'yaka belt, sash ('ip'i'b.laka I wear as a belt), t'ai' p'iyake his belt, sash, 

 'oi'p'iyake waist line; — wo'Ra cache, t'awo'he his cache 



Irregular is: 



'ita'zipa bow, t'ai'tazipa (Teton), t'ilazipe ([Riggs] Santee), t'i'nazipe or t'ai'nazipe (Santee) 



§ 35. NOMINALIZED VERBS 



Nominalized verbs ending in a change the a to e provided the verbal a is changeable. 

 Changing: 



nap'a to run away, 'ona'p*e refuge; — c'ap'a' to stab, 'oc'a'p'e wound; — nahma to hide, 'oi'naRme 

 place to hide oneself; — 'ona'hme place to hide something; — 'ap'a to strike, 'oa'p'e place or time of 

 striking (hour); — ya to go, 'oye' way, track; — kah\ta to sweep, 'ica'hite brush, broom; — n%wq' to 

 swim, 'onu'we swimming hole; — waste laka to like, wo' wastelake love, kindness; — 'aka'hpa to cover 

 with a sheet, wa'kahpe cover; — t'alo'-'akahpe meat cover (used in jerking meat); — lesla'ka to cover 

 around head like a fillet, wate slake kerchief worn around head; — k'a to dig, 'ic'e' an instrument for 

 digging; — hq to stand, 'ohe' niche, proper place for a person 



Not changing: 



yuga' to husk corn, 'oyu'ga husking place; — yuza to cook porridge, c'qp'a'-'oyu'za vessel for cooking 

 chokecherries; — lowq to sing, 'olo'wq song; — ba to blame, wo'ba blame; — 'iyu'kcq to think about, 

 wo' wiyukcq thought; — 'iha' to smile, wo'iha a joke 



Probable exceptions are: 



—b.la to spread out, b.le lake; — yuga' to husk corn, 'o'ge outer covering 

 A number of compound nouns derived from verbs that change a to e do not change in nom- 

 inal form. 



wab.le'nica orphan (nica to lack; but wo' ak' mice a dispute) ; — k'eg.le'za striped turtle (g.le' za striped); — 

 k'en%n%za soft-shelled turtle (n%'za to be yielding to pressure); — \psi' za sticky mud that lies 

 layer on layer ('aka'psiza to flop down flat over something) ; — m. nipi'ga soda water (piga to be boil- 

 ing); — wahp'o'pa a large kind of willow (?) (wa'gac'q cotton wood; p l o'pa to be soft and fibrous 

 like cotton); — 'agu'yap-saka crackers ('agu'yapi bread; sa'ka dry, stiff); — p'esni'za live coals, 

 sparks (sni'za to wilt, fade) ; — p'ehna'ga whitehot coals (huhna'ga or hug.na ' ga to burn up, '%hna'ga 

 fireplace); — waya'hota oats (yaho'ta to choke on food swallowed hurriedly); — m.niwa t'icoga green 

 algae ('i'coga to drift against) ; — c'qka'ga drift log, log ('o'kaga to drift on water) ; — waki'c\za 

 magistrate (ky,'za to decree; but wo'kic K %ze kingdom, state); — wo'p'ahta package (p'ahta' to tie 

 together; but sina' 'op'a'hte a bundle of blankets) ; — weyo't'a a clot of blood (-t'a to bunch to- 

 gether); — p'ezi'Kola (hota grey) sage; — ha'sapa Negro (ha skin, so' pa black); — howa'sapa catfish 

 (ho fish, 'asa'pa black on surface) ; — hahu'la hemp rope, thread (ha outer surface, h%'ta 

 rough); — hit'i^kala mouse (hi tooth, t\ to have, ka kind of, la diminutive); — p'ezu'ta medicine 

 (p f ezi' grass, hu'te base) 



When used as verbs the terminal a of some of these remains changeable. 



waki' c'uzala a little magistrate, and waki'c'uzela he domineers in a small way 



We have also: 



m.nipi'ga sodawater, and m.ni' k\ pi'gela water boils a little; — ha'sapala little Negro ha'-sape K la the 

 little one's skin is black 



According to this the two forms — 



k'erm'nuzela little soft-shelled turtle and k'eg.le'zela little striped turtle 



appear formally like verbs. 



None of these nouns are ordinarily contracted, although the forms — 



p'esni' s-kasn€ to put out embers; — p'ehna'h(wa)ya (I) make it white hot, broil it; — p'ezu'l-wic'asa 

 physician (i. e., White physician), more commonly p'ezu'ta-wic'a'sa 

 are occasionally used in modern speech. 



