34 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [MeM0 \^ a xxiu 



One word has been found that does not change normally, but transforms a into e in nom- 

 inalized form. 



hahe' waterfalls ('iyo'haha to trickle down into), (note -ha variable, to tie a knot) 



§ 36. NOUNS IN e CHANGING TO a 



A number of nouns change terminal e to a in composition with t*a ruminant, c'q wood, and 



in a few other compounds. 



'aze' breast, t'a' za ruminant's udder; — hu'te base, bottom, wihu'ta bottom of tent, 'o'huta bank of riven 

 shore of lake, c'qhu'ta tree stump; but nazu'te nape of neck (nasu'la brain), supu'te lower intestines 

 (supe' intestines); — leze' urine, le'za to urinate, t'ale'za u bladder of ruminant, wic'a'leza human 

 urine; — site' tail, Vas\ta tail of ruminant; but t'asi'te his tail, siik-si'te horse tail, ho-s\te fish tail, 

 c'ap-si'le beaver tail, even ptewa' niyqpi-site" cow's tail; without nasalization situ psqpsq (<sjie'- 

 yupsq'psq) to wag tail; — sake' finger or toe nail, t'asa'k'a rattle of deer hoof and foot bones, with 

 animal names sake; i. e., s%ksa'ke hoof of horse; — supe' intestines, t'asu' pa intestines of ruminant; — 

 c'qte' heart, t'ac'q'ta heart of ruminant, but t'ac'q'te his heart; — c'upe' marrow, t'ac'u' pa marrow 

 of ruminant; — nile' rump, t'ani'ta hu rump bone of ruminant, but sukni'te a horse's rump; — nige' 

 paunch, stomach, t'ani'ga paunch of ruminant; — t'ezi'kzice or c'ezi'kzice fat surrounding stomach, 

 t'ac'e' zikzica same of ruminant; — u>%kte hermaphrodite, w\'kta (S) 



An analogous change occurs in the verbal derivative. 



'op'a'hle a number of strands tied together, wo' p'ahta a bundle 



Nouns in e, not changing to a: 



'ate' father; — 'He' face; — 'oya'te tribe, people; — 'oyu't'e flanks (only of man); — 'olu'te (mode.-n term for 

 c'ute') side of body; — 'ot'yfwe (Yankton ot'%'wahe) town; — 'ukce' dung {'x^kce verb); — '%ze' anus; — 

 wase' face paint; — ivase' my (a woman's) woman chum; — wahpe' leaves, tea; — wi'p'e weapons 

 (wa'ip'e); — wfkie hermaphrodite; — hake' youngest born boy; — hake' a piece of anything; — he 

 horn; — h\ye'te shoulder; — h\ske' canine teeth; — hi^p'e digging stick (p'e sharp); — b.le lake; — pte 

 buffalo; — p'age' waist; — p'ahte' glabella; — p'ahla'te sinus, ethmoid (?); — p'e head; — p'esle'te crown 

 of head; — p'o'ge nostril; — p'ute' snout; — p'e' elm; — mat'e'te rim (as of a cup) ; — lote' throat, (walo'te- 

 teka gourmand); — lohe' jowl; — fate' wind, also verb; — t'age' saliva; — t'ic'e' top of tent, roof, 

 ceiling; — siye'te heel; — sjkp'e' muskrat; — saste' little finger; — siyu'te lap; — c'aze' name; — c'qkpe' 

 knee; — c'e' penis; — c'uwe' woman's elder sister; — c'ute' side of body; — c'ut'u'ste floating ribs; — 

 nawa'te scalp area; — nape' hand; — nv[ge ear; — k'eze' barb of fishhook (S); — hqte' cedar; — he' 

 butte, mountain ridge 3B 



§ 37. LOSS OF TERMINAL a OR e 



Most cvc verbs when compounded or when used in subordinate form lose their terminal a 

 and the terminal consonant undergoes the changes described on page 12. It is not necessary to 

 give additional examples of verbs following this rule. 



There are, however, a number of verbs of this type that never contract. Examples are: 



t'q'ka large; — 'o'ta many, plentiful; — k'qza to decree 36 " 



'oka ga to have many (arrows, thorns) sticking in it, is derived from a stem ga and does not belong here. 

 (See yuga'ga s'e as though sticking out in all directions) 



A number of verbs in ta have this probably as a stem, although those that can form reduplica- 

 tions behave as though the stem were cvc: 



'ayu'ta to look at, reduplicated 'ayu'lyuta; — 'aya'ta to prophecy (ya with the mouth); — c'uwi'ta to feel 

 cold (c'uwi' body). None of these lose terminal a; c'aze' yata, to name, mention, evidently cognate 

 of 'aya'ta, loses terminal a and forms c'aze'yal- 



A few verbs ending in e lose their terminal e and undergo changes of the terminal consonant. 



'ayu'hete 37 to hang around waiting, 'ayu'hel reduplicated 'ayu'helhel; — 'owq'ke 3S to resemble, 'owq'k; — 

 k'ute' to shoot, wak'u'l 



i! >wale'ga dried bladder, intestines, probably from le'ga to shine. 



3 fl t'a't'e hunting ruminants (followed by verb "to go", is an adverb <('a ruminant, Ve<kte to kill?). 



?8 » -kuza to pretend loses terminal a. 



37 First person 'ab.lu'hete. 



88 wo'ii'qke a monstrosity. 



