Academy of Sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 35 



Nouns derived from verbs: 



'owq'ka room, altar space, 'owq'k; — 'oy%'ke bed, 'oyq'k 

 Other verbs in e of which there are not many, do not lose terminal e. 



k'iyu'se to be mean to someone; — 'ik'u'se to block, obstruct; — ste peculiar and its compounds waste 

 good, masle' good weather; huste' lame; oste'ka peculiar; — 'ap'e' to await; — fate' wind, it blows a 

 wind; — '-qspe' to learn, be versed in; — '14'kce to break wind; — 'ole' to seek; — 'He' to burn; — k'use' 

 to be leaky (Santee) 



All nouns of the type cvc with terminal a and accent on first syllable lose their terminal a 

 in composition and undergo the usual change of terminal consonant. 

 Compounds belonging to this group are : 



'nhna'ga, '-qhna'h fireplace; — \psiza, '%psi's mud; — c'eya'ka, c'eya'k beaver dam; — c'ap'14'ka, c'ap\'k 

 mosquito; — t'ih?nu'ga, t'ihmu'h fly; — waksi'ca, waksi'l dish; — hit'ti'ka, hit'u,'k rodent; — 'ohlo'ka, 

 'ohlo'k hole; — p'esni'za, p'esni's embers, sparks; — 'ip'i'yaka, Hp'i'yak belt 



Vq'ka which as a neutral verb retains its a loses it in the noun t'aVq'lea — t'at'qk buffalo bull 

 (lit. large ruminant). 



'u'ta acorn, is rarely heard as 'ul 



sa'ta pole; the form sal is doubtful 



m.na'za wolverine; — t'i'ta open land; — wi'ta island; — p'a'ta wooded district; do not seem to lose their 



terminal o 

 wa'ga occurs in both forms, wa'ga-c'q Cottonwood, wah-c'i'ca poplar 

 wag.me'za (wakma' heza, Yankton; wam.na'heza Santee) does not lose its terminal a 



Among cvc nouns ending in a with accent on second syllable, only maga' duck, loses its 

 fo rminal a, mah. 



From b.lokitu we have b.lok-yq'ka to remain settled in summer. 



A number of nouns ending in e contract in the same way. 



'aze' breast (in 'asq'pi milk<' 'aze'-hqpi' fluid); — '%ze' anus; — p'o'ge nostril; — p'ute' snout 39 ; — leze' 

 urine; — lote' throat, food; — Cage' saliva; — sake' finger or toe nail (only in sak-t'%' s'e like one with 

 claws); — supe' intestines, t'asu'p: — c'qte' heart; — c'aze' name; — c'upe' marrow bone, t'ac'u'p; — 

 nape' hand; — nige' stomach; — nu'ge ear; — keze' barb of fish hook (Santee, doubtful whether 

 k, k\ or k') 



hake' part, piece, does not contract. As verb 'ihq'ke end, contracts, 'ihq'kt'qwq living at ends; 'ihq'kya 

 to cause to end; hqkya' to ruin 



Outside of the cvc group contraction of verbs ending in a occurs in the groups -p'a and 

 Ic'a. All the contracted forms are adverbial. 



c l ap'a' to stab, 'ic'a'p, 'ac'a'p sticking in, on it; — c'op'a' to wade, m.nic'o'p wading in water; — 'o'p'a 

 to join, 'op in company with several; — nap'a' to flee; 'ina'p hiding behind, 'ai'nap on the farther 

 side of (hidden by); with the verbs of arrival 'i, hi, gli, k'i, -nap'a does not contract: hina'p'a to 

 come out from; 'ot'a'p'a to follow in the tracks of someone, 'oye'ot'ap following tracks, 'al'a'p 

 following on (the heels of someone), H't'ap soon after, already; — 'i'tkok'ip'a to go to meet face to 

 face, 'itko'p going out to meet someone who is coming; — k'ap'a' to beat in a contest, to have a 

 superabundance ('ak'a'p exceedingly) 



Others do not contract, p. e.: 



'ak'i'p'a to happen to meet face to face; — 'op'a' to go by a certain way, but waio'p'a to row a boat 

 (wa'ta-'op'a'), forms walo'p; — 'ap'a' to strike; — 'it'q,'p'a to admire, be careful with; — Hk'o'p'a to 

 fear lest; — k'oki'p'a to be afraid; — 'aho'p'a to honor, to observe a law 



In the group k'a we find: 



'an%'k'a(tqhq) 'an%'k i0 on both sides; — Lo'k'a. to'k it is some way, how is it 



*° Often not contracted. 



10 'anu'k'a $q bald-headed eagle (on both sides white). 



