36 DAKOTA GRAMMAR tMEMO fv L A £\in 



§ 38. REDUPLICATION 



Reduplication expresses distributive ideas in time and space. It is almost entirely confined 

 to verbs and adverbs derived from verbs, cvc verbs are duplicated, the last syllable retaining 

 the ending a. The terminal consonant of the stem undergoes in most cases those changes that 

 are required when the terminal a drops off. (See p. 12.) Whenever phonetically inadmissible 

 combinations occur the terminal consonant is omitted in the first syllable. For this reason the 

 terminal consonant is always omitted in the first syllable when the stem has the form ccvg, 

 because otherwise three-consonantic clusters would result. Aspirate and glottal stops do not 

 count as two consonants. 



Examples are: 



(~)ha'pa to have a rustling quality, (-)hapha'pa; — (-)(o)k'a'ta to be warm, {-)(o)k'a'lk'ata; — *sa'ka to 

 be hard, stiff and dry, *saksa'ka; — {-)pu za to be dry, {-)puspu za; — (-)jn'za wrinkled, {-)pispi' za; 

 ■ — {-)t'a'ga to be rough, {-)t'aht'a'ga 



Examples of ccvc verbs: 



(r)ksa'pa to be wise, (~)ksaksa'pa; slu'ta to slide through a narrow opening, -shi'sluta; — {-)hlo'ka 



to have holes, (-)hlohlo'ka; — (-)ptu'za to be bent over, (-)ptuptu' za; — *sni'za to be wilted, 

 snisni'za; m.nu'ga to be in a condition of producing crackling sounds, m.num.nu ga 



cvc verbs ending in c in stems beginning with a dental or alveolar consonant (see p. 5) end 

 the first syllable in k, perhaps an indication that the c which is always preceded by e or i, origi- 

 nated from a k. (See p. 13.) 



*se'ca to be dry and dead (hay, wood), sekse'ca; — (-)sz' ca to be bad, (-)siksi'ca; — (-)<Vea to be new, 

 (-)t'ekt'e'ca; — {-)zi'ca to sniffle, (r)z\kz\ca; — -ceka to stagger, -cekceka; — ni'ca to lack, 

 wani 'knica; — he'c'eca it is like that, he'c'ekc'eca H 

 In stems beginning with other consonants the reduplicated syllable ends in /. 



*gi'ca to snort, gi'lgica; k'{ca to scrape off top layer, -k'ilk'ica; — --hicato awaken someone, -hilhica; — 



*hica'hq to trip and fall, hilhi'cahq; — *pHca to be rather good, phlp'i'ca; — wq'ca once (adv.), 

 wq'hvqca; — *ka'k'eca it is like that yonder, ka'k'elk'eca 4J 

 While the reduplicated forms given up to this point may form their subordinate forms by 

 dropping terminal a in the same way as the unreduplicated forms, there are a few that redupli- 

 cate like all others but do not lose terminal a. 



'a'laya (adv.) entirely, wholly, 'a'l'ataya; — 'o'ta many, 'o'l'ota; — t'o'keca 43 different, t'okt'o'keca; — li'la 

 (adv.) very, li'g.lila or li'lala 



Several others, although not of cvc type are treated in the same way. 



he'c'eca n it is like that, he'c'ekc'eca; — he'c'el thus, he'c'ekc'e; — ka'k'el thus, ka'k'eske (Teton); — ka'k'en 

 (Yankton), ka'k'etke u (Yankton); — ec'a'la (adverb and verb) soon, ec'a'kc'ala adverb only; — 

 c'uwi'ta 4 * to feel cold, c'uwi'lwita;- — , %z\ca bobtailed, with short skirt, kail z\kz\ca (neutral verb) 



(-)rq'fca large is quite irregular. It has the reduplicated forms t'qkt'q'ka and t'qki'kiyq in 

 Teton and Yankton; Vqki'yqyq in Yankton. 



On page 26 a number of apparent cvc verbs have been enumerated which have the accent 

 on the second syllable. Most of these reduplicate in the same way as cvc verbs with accent on 

 the first syllable. 



(-)svta' hard, firm, (-)suksu'ta 4S — *yqka' to sit, *yq'kyqka (only 1st dual-plural '%yq'kyqka); — *yifka' 

 to recline, (*yqkyqka) ; — co'nala few, cokco'nala; — *p'ica' to be fairly good, *p'ilp'i'ca; — zicd 

 to be rich, *zikzi'ca; — *Rpeca'sni to be full of life, action (sni not), *hpehpe'casni. i7 



" See below ka'k'elk'eca. 



« See above he'c'ekc'eca. 



a ca is a suffix. 



** t in Yankton corresponds to terminal n; Teton 5 is irregular; it occurs also in to'k'eSke from to'k'el, to'k'eca. 



< 6 See c'uwi' part of body enclosed by ribs and sternum. 



« The combination Is which would result from normal reduplication does not occur. 



« The reduplicated form Rpeca'$ni$ni is used more frequently. 



