academy of sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 37 



The last three of these are compounds, pH good, hpa to be down, clumsy, zi alone does not 

 occur. These are treated by analogy as though they were cvc stems, although they are actually 

 cv stems with the suffix ka. 



A number of verbs ending in q are reduplicated like cvc verbs. 



-titq to have force exerted, -tiktitq; — *kitq' to be stubborn, waki'lkitqka is ; — *po'gq to blow on, po'hpogq 



cv verbs are doubled without any change, 

 cvcv verbs duplicate the second syllable. 



*c'ap'a to stab, c'ap'a'p'a; — *man%' to steal, man%'n%: — {-)ile to burn, (-)ile'le; — (-)%spe' to learn to 

 do, (-)iispe'spe; — (-)waste to be good, (-)waste'sle 



Here belong also distributive demonstrative pronouns: hena'na those, tona'na which ones, 

 to' nana how many. 



The verb smaka' deep (as a valley) (cf. sma deep [as snow, water]) reduplicates smaka'ka, 

 but with prefix '0, 'o'smasmaka, like a cvc verb. 



A number of other verbs are treated as cvc verbs, although they are evidently compounds 

 of cv verbs. 



*yu'za to take hold of, is reduplicated in Teton yu'syuza, in Yankton yu'zaza;- — *yazq' to hurt, yazq'zq 

 and j/asya' 2<{ 49 ; — *'e'pazo to point at, 'e'pazozo and 'e'paspazo; — (-) p'e'sto sharp pointed, p'esp'e'stola, 

 p'esto'sto; — c'qze' angry, 'ac'q'sc'qze, c'qze'ze;- — *putq' to be short, flat and ugly, pulpu'lq and 

 putq'tq; — 'oMa'gqla loose fitting, 'oMa'hlagqla and 'olila'gqgqla; — na' z\ to stand, na' ' z\z{ and na' snaz{, 

 the latter only adverb; na'snazi 'iya'ya yqka' he sits getting up all the time (repeatedly) 



This verb reduplicates the first person entirely irregularly by including the first person in the reduplica- 

 tion na(wd)s(wa)ziki nq (wa)hi'yu (I) just stood about and came on 



Here belongs also (-)ci'k'a small, cikci'k'a 



Some verbs in ya are treated as cv (or cvc) verbs, others like cvcv verbs. 



(r-)spa'ya to be wet, (-)spaspa'ya; — (-)sku'ya to be sweet, (-)skusku'ya; — *hihpa'ya to fall down, 

 hihpa'lipaya; — (-)optq'yq to fall over prostrate, 'oplq'ptqyq; — -b.laya to open out level, -b.la- 

 b.laya; — kiksu'ya to remember, kiksu' ksuya; — tqyq' well, tqtq'yq; — g.na'yq to deceive, g.na'g.nayq: — 

 -Maya to peel, -Mahlaya; — 'ina'piskqyq to toy with, ina' piskqskqyq; — ze'zeya (adv.) suspended 

 (colloquial ze'zezeya); — ge'geya gathered in a baglike retainer; — siikq'yq (adv.), sqkq'kqyq in a 

 surprisingly easy manner 60 



The following are treated like cvcv verbs: 



(-)c'e'ya to cry, c'e'yaya;- — *c'e'kiya to pray to, c'e'kiyaya; — *'aspu'ya to itch on (Santee), yaspu'yaya 

 (Teton and Yankton) or 'aya'spuyaya; — (-)g.naski' yq to be crazy, g.nask\yqyq; — (-) g .mig .ma ', 

 g.mig.ma'g.ma spherical, Y g.miyq'yq; — 'asni'yqyq to tickle (like fine grass, fuzzy material) ; *yaya'la 

 yielding, fuzzy [?]); — *k\yq' to fly, k{yq'yq;- — ('ina'hni to hurry), *Kniyq'yq to be trembling (as in 

 palsy) ; — 'aka'speyaya to lose control (spa to be broken off) 



-Maya to be peeled; — *h'qyq' to be dying, suffering extremely; — *niya' to breathe; — (-)howa 'ya to howl 

 (ka)p'owa'ya a to have a nap, rough surface, do not occur reduplicated. 



Reduplication of neutral and active verbs 



Unless preceded by prefixes neutral verbs when reduplicated throw the accent upon the 

 second syllable ; active verbs retain it on the first syllable. 

 Neutral: 



*sa'pa to be black, *sapsa'pa; — (-)pw'zo to be dry, {-)puspu za 



Active: 



*go'pa to snore, *go' pgopa; — *p'a'ia to butcher, *p'a'lp'ata; — (-)psi'ca to jump, (-)psi'psica 



* 8 Compare patq' to brace, to hold in place by pushing. 

 * 9 kazq' (neutral) to be hurt by striking. 



80 SHkq'k'iLwa he is handling him with perfect ease, ridiculously easily (in a wrestling match or the like). 



81 Remains neutral with instrumental ka. 



162236°— 41 4 



