38 DAKOTA GEAMMAK tMBM Tvo?i£\m 



(—)hq'ska reduplicates like other cvcv verbs: (-)hq' skaska although neutral has the accent on 

 the first syllable. 



A number of reduplicated neutral verbs are used as active verbs without taking instrumental 

 particles. In these the neutral forms have the accent on the second syllable, the active forms 

 on the first syllable. Most of them are used as independent verbs for the third person only. 

 Examples are: 



hopho' pa to be good-looking, Ro'pRopa to pose, to consciously try to appear at one's best, tio'phopya — adv. 

 used with first and second persons;- — b.leb.le'cahq to be shattered to pieces, scattered about; b.le'b.leca to 

 shake the body, asahorse after rolling or dog after swimming; — snisni za to be in a collapsed state, to 

 be flat, as a tire; sni'snis (adv.) gradually collapsing (as air goes out); — snisni za to be in a faded, 

 wilted condition, sni'snis 'a'yapi they are getting faded; — b.leb.le' za to be in a sane state of mind, 

 b.le'b.leze sni to be crazily or frantically active (i. e., the not being in a sane state of mind affects 

 him); — Ruhu'gahq to be in the condition of being crushed or battered up, hu'huh R\g.ld to sound 

 forth (thunder), as if banging things up; — kapha' pa to be in a condition that produces a rustling 

 sound, Ra'phap Rigid to suddenly give out a rustling sound; — m.num.nu gahq to be in a condition 

 that produces a crackling sound, m.nu m.nuR R\q.ld such a sound coming forth; — pispi' za possessing 

 the ability to whistle or squeal (a prairiedog), pi'spiza he makes that kind of noise; — ptuptu za 

 to be in the posture of sticking out the lower back of the body, ptu'ptusya ma'ni he walks sticking it 

 out in the back, ptu'plus maxoa'ni (I walk in such) position; — k'ok'o'ka to possess the quality of pro- 

 ducing sound on wood, k'o'k'ok h\g.ld to give out such a sound suddenly ; — k'ak'a'ka to have the 

 quality of rattling, as heavy metal, dishes, etc., k'a'k'ak R\g.ld to give out the sound suddenly; — 

 psipsi'cala to have the quality of jumping (= grasshopper), psi'psica he jumps; — bubu to be in a 

 solid state, bu'bu R{g.ld to suddenly sound as though a solid mass were banged on; — ksqksq to 

 be crooked, ksqksq he nervously wriggles the whole body about (as an awkward boy or girl); — 

 RmuRmu to have a humming sound, RmuRmu Rig.ld giving off that sound (as in cutting the air with 

 a ball; the whizzing sound); — sloslo'la to be miry; to have a sound as stepping into mire, sln'slola 

 the name of a ground bird that whistles like that; — snasna' to possess a metallic tinkling quality, 

 sna'sna it gives off that sound; — snisni' cold things, to be cold to touch, sni'sni iya'ya he turns 

 cold, as when scared 



Some verbs appear only in reduplicated form: 



'oa'a to be mouldy; — kala'ia, nata'ta to shake off by striking, with foot; *so'so to cut into thin strips (as 



skin for thongs) ; sloslo' to be soft and slimy; — (—)stasla' to be soaked and slimy (like chamois) ; — ■ 



(-)coco' to be sticky, like gumbo mud; — 'ocq'cq to be full of mucus (as nose in a cold) to feel thick in 



(the head); — *yaya'la to be yielding like jelly, a springy layer of twigs; RuRi(za to rock, shake, 



tremble; — 'oh'lita, 'olu'luta 52 to be warm (temperature);- — 'ima'gaga 53 to be amused by; — tikti'ca iz 

 to be viscous; — t'ot'o'pa to be soaked and slimy (like wet chamois skin 51 ); — (-) typty.' pa viscous and 

 slimy; — kat'a't'apa 55 (neutral verb) to be partially dried out 



Reduplication of nouns 



Very few true nouns can be reduplicated and then they are used mainly, perhaps only, in set 

 phrases. In many cases it is doubtful whether the reduplicated part is really a noun. 



su'ksuka-wad'yuta to look abjectly (like a dog) for a favor;- — wasi'kp'ekp'eka he is tricky (sjipV musk- 

 rat) ; — wawi k'qRk'qgika he is over-enthusiastic (k'qgi' crow) ; — wai' ktomimika he is an insincere, 

 plausible talker (iklo'mi the mythological trickster), oR'q'-'ikld'mimika he acts like the trickster; — 

 wawi'c'asasaka a woman who runs after men; — wawi'yqyqka a man who runs after women; — 

 k'et'a'gegeka a rowdy (k'e turtle, Cage' saliva; this probably refers to the supposed qualities of the 

 turtle. The turtle's heart eaten in small bits makes a child hardy) ; — wai't'qc'qc'qka one who is domi- 

 neering (il'q'c'q chief, leader; t'qc'q' body); — wald leleka a gourmand, fond of eating {lute throat) ;■ — 

 if.kcek.cela cactus iukce' manure); — %z\ z\tka wild rose fruits (%z\tka musk bag, from -qze'-ilka anus, 

 egglike thing; with change from z to z: probably bunches of %z\'tka); — wa(m.a')lak'olk'otaka d) in- 

 cline toward Dakota ways; — wawd masiksicuka — toward White ways; — taku'ya he has kin, ta'kuya he 

 makes some use of — wata' kukukahe cares much about kinship; — watvd ' niheyayasni you are aggressive; 

 — watco' kip'ap'aka a co-operative person sb "-('u'kip l a to join one's own); — c'asmu' smu sands; — t'ate'teka 

 a nickname {t'ate' wind) ; — paid zola a place with many conical hills (pazo'ya a rounded, tapering pro- 



« Contracts. 



« Does not contract. 



34 For other materials sta&ta'. 



" Does not contract. 



BSa Used generally contemptuously for a person who joins impulsively in whatever is suggested. 



