^cadbmt of sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 39 



tuberance); — paha'hayela in great piles, amounts {paha hill, paha'yela in a fairly large amount); — 

 nac'i'skaskaya (adv.) hollowed and curved at edges (nac'\ ska) is derived from the noun c't'sfca' 

 (k'iska Yankton); — wama'za ska'skaka one greedy for money. Here the verb ska white is dupli- 

 cated; — similar in form is wi's'os'oka to be over-enthusiastic over new things 



§§ 39-70. STRUCTURE OF THE THEME 



The stem may be expanded by two types of prefixes, locatives and instrumentals. The 

 general principle is that the first prefix modifies the whole content of the following complex. In 

 the same way an enclitic or suffix holds together the whole preceding complex. (See pp. 52, 153.) 



The usual order is locative prefix or prefixes, instrumental prefix, stem. 



Compounding plays an important role and certain compounds are combined into firm units, 

 into words that have a single accent. 



§§39-44. Locative Prefixes 

 § 39. introductory 



There are three locative prefixes, 'a, 'o and 'i. The most general meaning of 'a is "on"; 

 of 'o "in." That of 'i is more difficult to define. It is used to express the local relation "against, 

 in contact with," and derived from this "by means of" and "in relation to." There is furthermore 

 a prefix k%, meaning apart and together. It will be discussed later (pp. 79 et seq.). 



While according to Riggs' Santee data the use of the locatives seems to be quite free, the 

 Teton evidence shows that many of them are idiomatically restricted in usage. In fact the feeling 

 for their original meaning and for the compound character of the verbal stem to which they are 

 attached has often so completely disappeared that the compounds are treated like verbal stems. 



§ 40. 'a ON, ADDED, MORE 



When followed by certain stems or by the instrumentals wo, pa, pu, na and sometimes by ka 

 this meaning stands out clearly. 



'alt' to step on; — 'ahq' to land on; — 'awo'wega he broke it by shooting (and it fell) on something; — 'ay,' 

 to put wood on fire; — 'ag.le' set up on (adv.) ; — 'aksu to pile on; — mak'a' 'ama'ni to walk on ground 

 (i. e., to walk on foot); — 'apa'hpa he pushes it over on something; — 'apu't'aka he presses the hands 

 on it; — 'ana't'a he piled it (dust) on him with the feet; — 'aka'wega to break on something 



With verbs expressing removal of parts, or separation and with the prefixes yu-, ya, wa- and 

 sometimes pa- and ka- the prefix a rather expresses the idea of "off," or "more and more taken 

 off," perhaps from the viewpoint that by removing the removed parts are added on to others 

 removed. The forms give the idea that more and more is removed from a whole. The same 

 forms with pa- and ka- may express that the action is done on something. The forms yu-, ya-, 

 wa-, almost always express removal. 



'aka zipa to shave off; to shave something on something else; — 'apa'ksa to break off by pushing piece by 

 piece; to break something on something; — 'aya'ksa to bite off more and more 56 ; — 'ayu'wega to break 

 off more and more; — 'ayu'ksa to cut off with shears piece by piece; — 'awak'oga to scrape off 

 more and more 



In some cases 'o before verbs with ya- and yu- means "on." 



'ayu'g.na to pull off (berries, peas, etc.) (so us to fall) on; — 'ayu'ksiza to clamp on 



6 See also p. 40 



