40 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Memoirs national 



LVOL. A. A. Ill, 



In many cases the use of 'a is purely idiomatic and it is not always certain whether it is the 

 locative prefix or part of the stem. 



'ai'c'aga to grow up on a certain diet ('i'c'aga to grow up) ;• — 'aya'ta to predict, foredoom by speaking; — 

 'ayu'ha to keep for future use (as fine moccasins kept by women for burial), also' ai'g.luha to keep 

 for oneself; — 'ayu'ta to look at; — 'ayu'stq to desist (yustq to finish); — 'awa'litani to sin against a 

 precept; — 'ab.le'za to notice; — 'ap'e' to wait; — 'ap'i'ya to mend (p'i good; ya to cause); — 'aty'wq 

 to look for something (tywq' to look) ; — 'ana'hma to keep secret, not to speak about a secret; — 

 'aslo'hq to crawl towards a goal; — 'aka'Rpa to cover; — 'akta'sni to reject; — 'aksi'za to refuse to 

 surrender something; — 'ak'i'p'a to meet; — 'ak'i'la to search for, to scan about 



In a number of verbs the prefix 'a- is inseparable or, if the stem exists alone, it has with 'a 

 a very specific meaning. Examples are: 



'a'slaya bare over the surface; stem sla bare; it occurs without 'a with one instrumental pasla'ya to hull 

 by cooking in ashes; there are also yasla' to graze, yusla to make bare by pulling; — 'ab.la'ya to be 

 level on the surface; stem b.la; without 'a, pab.la'ya to flatten by pushing; kab.la to jerk meat; — 

 'at'q'i to show itself, become plain; stem t'qi' to be perceptible to the eye or ear; also yat'q'i to men- 

 tion, yut'q'% to show; — 'as'a'ka to adhere to in layers (like crusts of soot); stem s'a'ka strong; — 

 'atdkunisni to vanish into thin air, to become nothing (ta'kuni nothing, sni not) ; — 'alo'sloza to have 

 a sensation of hot flushes (lo za) 



Riggs gives the prefix 'a (in Santee) for "on" in verbs with yu, ya, wa. In Teton separate 

 words must be used. 



le'l 'akq'l yuksa yo' cut it out on this (male speaking) ; — iva'g.nawotapi k\ 'akq'l waksa yo' cut it on the 

 table 



For some verbs for which Riggs gives the prefix 'a, Teton does not use it. 



Instead of 'ag.lo'nica to hold on to one's own, g.lo'nica 



Instead of 'asi'ca to become bad on, or for, 'isi'ca to become bad for, ('asi'ca means, it [meat, etc.] 



becomes spoiled being kept too long "on one's hands") 

 Instead of 'asli'pa to lick on, sli'pa 



Instead of 'ac'u'wita to be cold on, le '%' c'uwi'ta on account of this he is cold 

 Instead of 'ac x e' pa to grow fat for a purpose, le' '%' c*e'pa 



With adverbs a has a comparative, meaning "more." 



'awa'k'qyq in a more holy manner 57 ;< — 'ahe'c'elya a little more in that manner; — 'apa'haya a little more 

 hill-like, slightly hill-like; — 'at'e'hqtuka rather farther; — 'ak'i'yelaka rather nearer 



In a few cases 'a forms verbs from nouns. 



'am.ni'm.ni to sprinkle (water on) ; — 'ac'u' to be covered with dew (dew on) ; — 'ac'a'ga to form ice on 



§ 41. 'o- WITHIN A RESTRICTED AREA, IN 



Examples: 



'oa'a it is mouldy (in its container) ; — 'o'm.na to smell into (active) ; 'om.no! it smells in a place; — 'oi'le, to 

 burn inside of something; — 'ona'p'a to flee into; — 'owo't'a by blowing (wind) it packs it into; — 

 'ohq' it stands in, to cook by boiling (= to stand in kettle); — 'oh'a' it is mottled in something; — 

 ' oci' sciyela it is small in extent, also adverb;' — 'ot'q'kaya it is extensive, also adverb; — 'ot'e'hqyq it 

 is far between two points (t'e'hqyq it is far), also adverb; — 'ok'q' there is room; — 'oc'a'sl'%ka to be 

 famous (c'ast'ii to name) 



It is also used with adverbs. 



'okH'yela near in a given area, between two points; — 'ohq'skeya lengthwise, in length 



In many cases the locative meaning of o is not obvious. 



'ogti'ga to waken from sleep {g%'ga with eyes half closed, adverb; ista'giiga to be blind); — 'olo'ta to 

 borrow;' — 'oc'%' to beg for a small gift (c'j to want); — 'oki'ni to acquire as a small gift (not an ex- 

 change); — 'owq'zila quiet, yielding ('o'wqzila behaving as a unit, to be unanimous); — 'owa'ste it is 

 good for (a sickness, as a remedy) ; — 'osi'ca it is bad for (health) ; — 'ot'e'hika it is a difficult situation, 

 expensive (.t'ehi'ka hard, difficult, generally adjective); — 'ole' to hunt; — 'oh'q to act 



•» See also p. 6. 



