Academy of Sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 41 



No. 2 J *■* 



The locative 'o is used in the formation of nouns. Verbs ending in variable a change it in 

 nominal form to e. (See p. 33.) 



'ona'p'e place to hide; — 'oe'a'p'e stabbing place; — 'owa'p'ate slaughtering place; — 'op'i'ye container; — 

 'og.na'ke holder; — 'oka'kse a cut; — 'ope'he folded material 



Exceptions: 'ohlo'ka hole; — 'owi'za bedding; — 'ok'o'za a smooth, open spot of ground; — 'o'kpaza dark- 

 ness; — 'o'smaka ravine 



1. Place of an action. 



'ot'i' dwelling (t'i to dwell) ;■ — 'owe'tH camping place «'o-e't'i) ; — 'oska'le playground (ska'ta to play) ; — 

 'ona'zi shelter (standing place na'z\ to stand); — 'oe'c'ula gambling place {'ec\' to do); — 'owa'cH 

 dancing placeCM'ac'i' to dance) ; — ple-'o'nase a buffalo surround (nasa [to go on] a communal hunt) ; — 

 'oye' way, track (ya to go); — 'ohe' proper place for a person (hq to stand); — 'ona'p'e refuge (nap'a' 

 to flee); — 'oyqke bed (yuka to lie); — 'ok'q' space; — wase'-'oyuze place for getting red paint, 

 (yuze to dip out of water, mud); — 'ok'i'yqke or ok'i'iyqke race track (k'i'i'yqka to race, run against 

 each other) ; — 'ospu'la a fragment, piece {-spu to be chipped off) ; — 'ohci' the loose end of a piece cut 

 out of an edge, fringe 



2. Result of an action. 



'ohe'yii bundle for travel; — 'op'a'hte a skein, bundle of threads, bundle; — 'oka'ge the make, style of a 

 manufactured thing; — 'owa'slece a slice (wa- by cutting) 



3. In a few cases 'o is prefixed to nouns. 



'oc'a'ie character, species of natural objects (from c'aze' name; compare 'oka'ge character, style of manu- 

 factured objects) ; zitka'la 'oc'a' ze 'iyu'ha all kinds of birds; — 'oc'q'ku or c'qku' road; he'l 'og.na c'qku' 

 or he'l 'oc'q'ku the road passes through there; — 'ob.lo' corner (meeting of two planes) (b.W pro- 

 tuberance) ; — 'o'ikpa head of stream ('i'kpa tip) ;■ — 'oi'hqke end, conclusion (hqke part, ihq'ke end) ; — 

 'o'huta bank of river, shore (hu'te base); — 'o'mak'a season {mak'a ground); — 'owe'tu in the spring- 

 time, we'tu spring; — 'ob.lo'kelu in the summer, b.loke'lu summer; — 'oplq'yetu in the autumn, ptqye'tu 

 autumn; — 'owa'niyetu in the winter time, wani'yetu winter; — 'oq'petu in the daytime, 'qpe'tu day; — 

 'ohq'hepi, ohq'yetu, in the night time, hqhe'pi, haye'lu night; — 'ohta'yetu in the evening, htaye'tu 

 evening. 



In the last six terms the 'o- expresses extent of time as shown in the following examples: 



htaye'tu k{ le' 'ab.la'kela this is a calm evening; — to 'huwel-' 'ohta 'yetuka wq — once during an evening; — 

 he' -'ohta'yetu k\ wai" I went there during that evening 



A number of veibs form compounds in which the first verb is transformed into a noun by the 

 prefix 'o-. 



'oe'c'u-waste' it is easy to do (the doing is good); — 'oi' slime-waste' it is easy to go to sleep (p. e., when 

 all is quiet) (the sleeping is good); — 'oi'hqb.le-si'ca it is hard to dream, it is a bad dream; — 'oe'ye- 

 sica it is difficult to say it (the saying is bad) ; — 'ok'q'sni c'qke' 'owa'c'i-sica there is no room, and 

 so the dancing is bad; — 'oa'ye-i'ehika it is hard to take it there; — 'oc'e' ye-wqk'a'la he cries easily 

 (the crying is weak); — 'oi'cu-wasa'kala it is simple to take it, accessible; — 'oi'cu-'oski'skeya is it is 

 difficult, complicated to take it; — 'oe'c'n-t'e'hq it takes long to do it; — 'oiha-suta' to laughing he is 

 hard (he controls desire to laugh) 



For words with accented 'o see page 44. 



§42. H AGAINST, IN REFERENCE TO, BY MEANS OF 



1. Locative: against an object. 



'ipo'gq to blow against, po'gq to blow;- — 'ipsi'ca to jump to a place, psi'ca to jump; — 'ic'o'p'a to wade 

 across, c'op'a' to wade; — 'iy%'ka to go to bed, yuka' to lie; — 'ica'k'oka to clang by beating against, 

 kak'o'ka to clang by beating; — 'ipa'wega to break by pushing against something, pawe'ga to break 

 by pushing; — 'ik'o'yaka to be fastened to, k'oya'ka to wear as ornaments attached to dress; — 

 'ina'p'a to hide behind, to guard, nap'a' to hide; — 'ig.le'g.lega to be striped against (a background), 

 g.leg.le'ga to be striped;- — 'ic'a'p'a to stab by chance against, c'ap'a' to stab; — '114 to apply (to use 

 against) ; '% to use; — 'ica'sapa to be blackened by striking against, kasa'pa to blacken by striking; — 

 'ipa'tq yu'za he holds it braced against;- — 'iyu'ta to eat as a side dish with something else, as a 

 flavoring, yu'ta he eats it 



•' ikiika' twisted in many ways, ikiski'ta corrugated. 



