42 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Mbuo ™vol a xxiii' 



Often 'i indicates that an action is done indirectly by an object serving as instrument. 



'ipa'slohq he pushes by means of an instrument against it and pushes it along; — 'iyu't'q to bring some- 

 thing in touch with something else with the hand; — t'ahi'spa wq 'ic'a'p'e' he was stuck by an awl 

 (t'a-hu-ispa deer elbow bone, t'ahi'spa wq c'ap'e" would mean "the awl actively stuck him'') 



2. In reference to. 



'iwq'yaka to consider, to see one thing in reference to another; — 'ilo'wq to sing about (love song about a 

 woman) 



3. On account of. 



'ic'q'ze to be angry on account of, c'qze' to be angry; — 'ic'e'pa to be fat on account of, c'e'pa to be fat; — 

 'isi'ca to suffer bad effects from, si'ca bad; — 'ig.le'pa to vomit on account of, g.le'pa to vomit; — 

 'ic'e'sli to defecate on account of, c'esli' to defecate; — 'iwa'ste to benefit by (be good on account of), 

 waste to be good; — 'isi'ca to be harmed by (be bad on account of), si'ca to be bad 



4. Expressing a condition resulting from an action or condition. 



'islo'lya to know by means of; — 'iwi'tkotkoka to be made foolish by something;— 'i%'sika 60 to be made 

 poor by something, to be poor on account of; — 'iwa'tuk'a to be made tired by, to be tired on account 

 of; — 'i'tok'asni he is not affected by it 



In Teton the prefix 'i is used almost exclusively with the meaning on account of ; by means of, 

 only when an abstract idea is involved. In other cases '% to use, expresses instrumentality. 



la'kehe c'% he' li'la 'i'matq what you said (past) that on account of I am proud; wo'yuha 'o'ta 'y.' wi'tqpi 



property much using, they are proud of something 

 yahi' k\ Hyu ski your coming on account of he is made happy; taku'ku '%' wi'yuskiyqpi things using they 



make him happy 

 'o'mayakiyikta 'ic'e'c'iciya that you will aid me I pray of you; le' \' c'e'c'iciya with this (offering) I pray 



to you 

 wana' ta'ku t'ehi'ka 'o'ta 'awa'k'ip'a k\ 'ic'q'temat'ize' now things hard many I met, they harden my heart 



(I am now hardened by many hardships); le' 'if,' c'qte' mat'ize' with that (a gun, etc.) my heart is 



brave 

 c'qp'a' yuza'pi 'it'i'yole-wahi" choke-cherry porridge for seeking a house (visiting) I come; sy'kak'q' k\ 



le' 'y,' I'iyo'le 'oma'wani the horse, this with seeking a home (visiting) I travel about 



Riggs gives for Santee a somewhat wider use for 'i, p. e. 'ipa'sq he whitens it with it. Teton 

 would say le' V pasq'. 



5. With adverbs: 



'it'o'kap, 'i't'okap in front of it; — 'ihu'k'uya below it; — 'ik'i'yela near it; — 'iwq'kap, i'wqkap above it; — 

 'it'e'hqyq, i't'ehqyq far from it; — 'i'lehqyq this far from it; — 'iyo'hlat'e, i'yohlat'e underneath it; — 

 'iya'kql, i'yakql on top of it; — 'iwq'kal above it 



6. In a number of verbs 'i is inseparable and its meaning is obscure. 



'ic'a'ga to grow; — 'it'yfp'a to beware of (active); — 'He' it burns; — 'izi'la smoke rises; — 'ica'htaka to 

 touch; — 'i'tq to be proud of; — 'i'manini hiya'ya he goes by, sometimes walking sometimes run- 

 ning; — 'i'wac'ic'i na' z\ he stands dancing from time to time 



7. Many adverbs and a few verbs appear with accent either on the second or on the 

 first syllable. The difference in meaning is that the former follows a preceding noun, while the 

 latter are independent (see 5, above), probably contracted from '%%. The first 'i may be an old 

 pronominal element 'i which is contained in the independent pronoun 'iye'. In some cases the 

 contracted i seems to have originated from two instrumentals i against, i by means of. It signifies 

 that something is done by means of something against something. 



" iika' poor thing;— '^iik'i'ya be makes himself pitiable, humbles himself. 



