acm»mt op sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 43 



'i'yq wq 'ica'sus 'ihpe'ya a stone smashed against he left it (he left it smashed against a stone) ; 'i'casus 



'iye'ya he sent it smashing against something 

 mak'a k\ 'ica'Mak yuslo'hq 'au the ground touching dragging it he brought it; 'i'cahtak ko's 'iye'ya so 



that it touched against it swinging he sent it 

 nahta'ka to kick (touch with foot), 'ina'Ktaka to kick with an instrument, indirectly, as a horse, with 



spurs; 'i'nahtak 'ece'-'ihq" 'u' with a kick each time stepping he comes (i. e., accompanying each step 



forward with a light dancing step backward) 

 I'alo' k% wasi' 'iydksaksa yu'ta biting fat with meat he eats it; 'i'yaksaksa wo'ta biting to pieces he eats 

 gna ye-k'uwapi 'ima'ksape I become wise by being teased, 'iksa'pa to be wise on account of, by experi- 

 ence; H'ksapa to take pains (no object) 

 th'pi ki 'iyo' kakiyq mqke' the tipi in sight of I sat; Y yokak\yq \tH'pi we live in sight of it 

 hrye'te k\ 'ica'k'ap 'iya'ya (against) his shoulder flying by having been struck it goes; 'i'cak'ap 'iye'ya 



against it by striking flying he sent it 

 watH' ki 'iwa'ziyata to the north of my living; 'i'waziyata to the north of it 

 p'ezu'ta ki 'ito'k'asni the medicine does not affect him; 'i'tok'asni it does not affect him 

 t'i'pi ki 'ica'k'ok 'iico' to against the house with a bang he bumped; 'i'cak'ok-'iya'ya it went with a hollow 



clanging sound against it 



S. Instrumental nouns are formed with the prefix 'i. Terminal a when changeable, changes 

 to e but does not influence a following changeable k (see pp. 14, 15). 



'ica'ge instrument (from ka'ga to make); — 'ica'bu drumstick; (from kabu to make low sound by strik- 

 ing); — 'ica'psite whip (from kaps\ta to whip); — 'iyu'Ti%le rope over which skin is pulled to and fro 

 in preparing it (from yuKii'la to pull skins to soften them) ; — wah\ikupa grainer, for working flesh 

 side of skins) ; — t'ii' yutq guy ropes for steadying tipi in gale; — wahi'paRpe (wa-hi'-ipa'Rpe) instru- 

 ment for pushing off hair from skin (from pahpa') ; — 'ipa'ste instrument for squeezing moisture out 

 of wet skin (from stasta' soaked (skin)); — hiika '-'iko ze w implement for waving over the h%ka' 

 initiate (from ko za to wave, 'ako'za to wave over someone) 



9. In some cases 'i is prefixed to a noun. 



'ihq'ke end (hqke' piece); — 'ihu'pa handle (hupa' pole, travois pole); — 'ik'q' strings for tying, reins lk l q' 

 ligament); — 'ip'a' "head" of a ridge (p'a'head); — 'it'q'c'q leader, chief (t'qc'q' body);— 'i'hoka 

 Badger Society (Koka' badger) 



§ 43. COMBINATIONS OF LOCATIVES 



Combinations of two or even three locatives are common but the cases are not numerous in 

 which the locative meaning appears clearly. 



'ina'zi to stop, to stand against, 'oi'nazi stopping place; — 'ok'a'ta to be warm (within a space), 'iyo'k l ata 

 to be warm on account of; — 'oki'p'i to fit into (kip'i' to fit), le' 'iyo'makip'i I am pleased with this 

 (it fits into me on account of it) 



In the following many examples will be found in which the relation is not clear. 



i-a, i-o 



When 'i is followed by 'a or '0 a glide is introduced. 



'ag.le' set on (adv.), 'iya'g.le it reaches to, 'iya'mag.le (misfortune) reaches me, 'ai' yag. leya reaching on to;- — ■ 

 'iya'li, 'i'yali 61 to climb, lit. to step on against; — 'iya'n%ga to be gnarled on the surface against a 

 body {n%'ga to be gnarled); — 'iya'upa to blame, lit. to lay on against; — 'iya'pehq to WTap around, 

 lit. to wind on against; — 'iya' yuskita to bind on to it; — 'iya'hpaya to fall upon, i. e., on against; 

 'iya'hpeya to throw the tent cover on against the frame; — c'qrvq'pa 'iya'hpeya he offers the pipe 

 ceremonially; — 'ite'Hyo' ' sni{wa)kiya (I) cool (my) face by its means ('osni' it is cold, within a space, 

 but generally "it is cold");' — c'uwi' 'iyo'skuye(wa)kiya (I) make (my) body sweet inside by its 

 means, to eat sweets ('isku'yeya he sweetens it with something) 



t0 But c'i'cota I wave to you. (See p. 92.) 

 •' See above. 



