44 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Memoirs Nation al 



** [Vol. XXIII, 



In most cases it is difficult to determine the fundamental meaning. 



'iya'kaska to tie a rope to something, to imprison (kaska' to tie fast so as to hold); — 'iya'pehq to wrap 

 around; — 'iya'yuha to trail after someone (like a young after its mother); — 'iyo'w\(wa)ya (I) am 

 willing; — 'iyo'(wa)kHsni (I) forbid him; — 'iyo'ya to yawn (no 1st and 2d persons); — 'iyo' (ma)yaka 

 (I) am disturbed about it; — 'iyo'tq superlative, 'iyo'tqla he puts it in first place, 'iyo'tqwaste best, 

 'iyo'lq-t'e(wa)h?la (I) like it best, 'iyo't\ye' (wa)kiya (I) suffer great afflictions (contracted from 

 'iyo'tq, 'iye'kiya to find one's own extreme; modern form 'iyo'tiye'kiya) 



Only one case has come to our notice in which there is no glide between 'i and 'o,'i'olele V he 

 comes seeking it here and there. 



o-i 



It would seem that 'a and 'o can precede only forms with 'i that are firm units. Apparently 

 forms that contain locative 'a in Hya may take a second 'a with the distinctive meaning "on." 

 The 'a of 'iya can hardly be explained in any other way than as a locative. 



'ica'pa 62 to open mouth, 'ai'capa to open mouth towards someone; — 'ik'o'yaka to be attached to the 

 person or dress, 'ai'k'oyaka to be attached in addition to (as an extra horse to a wagon) ; — 'ihq'b.la 

 to dream, 'ai'hqb.la to dream about; — hoksi'cekpa 'ai'cam.na twin flower, lit. twins (or child's navel) 

 it snows on; — 'ai'cazo 'icu he bought paying but owing a small amount (kazo' to draw a line, pazo' 

 to show) ; — 'ihpe'ya to throw away, 'ai'hpeya to throw away on, to shift responsibility on someone; — 

 'iya'hpeya to throw tent over on to frame, 'ai'yahpeya to infect, give a contagion (sickness, ver- 

 min) ; — 'iya'kaska to tie a knot, 'ai'yakaska to tie on to something; — 'iya'pehq to wrap around, 'ai'ya- 

 pehq to wrap around, to splice on something that is wrapped; — 'iya'skapa to stick to, 63 'ai'yaska- 

 pa to stick on to 



In all the preceding forms 'i is probably the locative, also in the reflexives beginning with 

 'ig.la-, 'ig.lu-. (See p. 103.) In other cases 'a is prefixed to stems beginning with i. 



'He' to burn, 'ai'leya to put on the fire; — 'isti'ma to sleep, 'ai'slima to go to sleep on something 



a-0 



The combinations of the two locatives a and o result in contraction. 



'o'k'o to adhere to many, small things loosely adhere; 'o'ha to be besmeared with; — 'o'kaga to float 

 with the current (in and on the water); — 'o'p'eya or 'ao'p'eya including; — 'o'lkapa (mud, etc.) 

 sticks on to (tka'pa mudlike); — 'o'skapa to climb a pole (ska' pa plane clings to plane); 'o'skap '%' 

 to cling to a person (like a child); — 'o'wqca continuous ('o in, on) adverb, kao'wqca it is unanimous 

 (neutral); — 'o'wqzila all together, sina' k\ he' ' o wqzila-i pi they are wearing the blanket jointly, 

 they use the blanket together or by turns; — 'o'psipsica to jump about trying to attract attention; — 

 'o'gezuya a sheet and what it contains, adverb; cover and contents; — 'o'hyiu always; — 'o'kpe going 

 to meet (a returning hunter or warrior; compare t'akpa' to go to meet in fight); — 'o'kaske to be 

 large and rounded at one end ('oka'ske place to tie); — 'o'pta through, across; — 'o'wec'ihq in single 

 file ('oye' track, -'ic'i- mutually, 'ohq' to stand in); — 'o'sota, 'o'kisola they are all gone one after 

 another (-sola to use up); — 'o'nat'aka and 'ao'nat'aka to lock in, are both used 



In nouns: 



'o'zq curtain in tipi, 'o'spe part of a whole 

 In adverbs: 



'o'tohqyq M for a while, within some time, lohq'yq some length of time; how long? 



0-0 



In a number of cases there appear two prefixes o, the first being nominal. (See p. 41.) 

 'owa' to paint, write, 'oo'wa a painting, figure; — 'oya'ka to tell, relate, 'oo'yak-sica it is hard to tell 



81 Compare i'kapa to scold, to move the mouth vigorously, from i mouth. 



63 'aya'skapt'u to place a patch on; perhaps by analogy with 'iya'skapa to stick to. 



M Compare nouns expressing time (p. 118). 



