SSJL. o F **««.] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 45 



o-i 

 Locative verbal forms: 



'oi'yokpaza it is dark (all around), kpa'za it is dark; 'okpa'za it is dark in an opening, 'ai'yokpas-ya he 

 causes it to be dark for him, i. e., he stands in the way of the light; — 'oi'yokip'i it is pleasant (time, 

 place) 



Nouns. 



'oi'cazo a mark ('i-kazo to show by striking) ; — 'oi'yahe a step; — 'oi'yakaske a knot; — 'oi'yob.lula a 

 calm; — 'oi'nap'e place of coming out 



o-a 

 Verbs. 



'oa's'aka it is crusted inside; — 'oa'ye-waste it is easy to take there 

 Nouns. 



'oa'g.le foundation, place to set on ('owa'g.le place to set something on, o-wa-a-g.le); — 'oa'li step; — 'oa'p'e 

 stroke; — 'oa'yastq end of a song 



§ 44. LOCATIVES TEANSFOEMING NEUTEAL INTO ACTIVE VEEBS 



A number of neutral stems wben used with locatives assume an active meaning, the locative 

 expressing reference to an object. The locatives 'a, less frequently 'o, are used in this manner. 

 With 'a. 



(ma)b.le'za (I am) clear minded, 'a{wa')b.leza (I) notice, observe; — (ma)scu' (I behave) self-conscious in 

 regard to sex, 'a(wa')scu (I am) in love with someone; — (-)s'j (neck) is craned forward (kas'i' to crane 

 neck, p'a-ka's'i to raise head when lying down, s'i' s'e as though craning the neck), 'a(wa')s'i (I) 

 covet it (crane my neck for it); — (ma)ske'hq (I am) nervously active, obstreperous, 'a(wa')skehq (I) 

 act upon it negligently; — {ma)fa (I am) dead; 'a{wa')l'ai'a (I) relax so as to fall on someone, like 

 a child wanting to be petted; — c % q(ma')ze or (ma)c'q'ze (I am) angry, 'a(wa')c l qze (I am) angry at 

 him; — (ma)c'q'c'q (I am) atremble (kac'q' to sift, all other forms duplicated), a(wa')c'qc'q (I) busy 

 myself with it; — 'a(wa')ksiza (I) withhold, by locking up, holding, refuse to surrender something; — 

 (ma)hi'cahq (I) trip and fall, 'a(wa')hicahq (I) trip and fall on something; — (ma)hni'yqyq (I am 



atremble, ' ' a{wa')hniyqyq (I am) furious against him; (ma)ni'ca (I) lack (German: es fehlt mir), 



'a(wa')nica (I) withhold, refuse to give up, 'a(wa')k'inica (I) refuse him possession of it; — wa{md) 

 tqtqka (I am) particular in regard to food, etc., 'a(wa')tqsni (I am) disrespectful against it; — (ma) 



t'o' (I am) blue, 'a(wa') kit'o I am tattooed; fcs{ arched, 'ac'a (wa)ksi (I) step over him; also 'a(wa')- 



m.nim.ni (I) sprinkle on (m.ni water) 



With 'o: 



(ma)b.li'heca (I am) industrious, 'o(wa')kib.liheca (I am) energetic in regard to it; wi'za to be flexible 



'o(wa')wiza I spread out (matting, etc.); — (ma)m.na it smells on (me), i. e. (my) body has an 

 odor, 'o'(wa)m.na (I) smell it; — {ma)pe'm.ni (I am) twisted, 'o(wa')pem.ni (I) wTap it up in it; — zi 

 very fine, almost unnoticeable,'o(u>a')0i to suggest secret schemes (wawo' zi s'a a schemer, one who 

 makes seciet arrangements with people to attain his purposes) 



§§ 45-53. Insteumental Peefixes 



§ 45. list of peefixes 



Dakota has nine instrumental prefixes: 

 ya — with the mouth 

 wa — by a sawing motion, with a knife 

 wo — action from a distance 

 yu — by pulling 

 pa — by pushing along 

 ka — by a sudden impact 

 na — with the foot or leg 

 na — by an inner force 

 pu — (obsolete, not free) by pressure 



