academy op Sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 47 



No. 2] 



shrink, -m.niga to be curled up permanently; — natH'pa to be or become cramped, huna- 

 mat'ipa I have a cramp in my leg; — maste'naptapta heat waves on the horizon {maste hot, sunny 

 weather, -pta to break); — 'ona'soka. to become watertight by being soaked (as a barrel, skiff), 

 so'ka thick; — nazi'ca to be stretched, to expand in length, to grow quickly; to stretch of itself, 

 nama'zica I am expanding in length; — nasko'pa to warp, become bent, p'asu nama'skopa my nose 

 has grown hooked 



§ 46. IMPERSONAL VERBS WITH INSTRUMENTAL PREFIXES 



Verbs with instrumental prefixes are often used in such a way that an indefinite actor is 

 understood, for instance -swa to be unraveled; kaswa' to unravel by striking, but also: (long use) 

 made it unravelled, i. e., it is ragged. (-)suta' to be hard; (ma)ka'suta he made (me) hard 

 (callous) by striking, but also: (circumstances) have hardened me. Some of these verbs never 

 appear with active pronouns, for instance -kseca to be cramped by spasms; (ma)yu kseca (I) am 

 bent by cramps (cramps bend me). The implied subject is always of a most general character 

 and the forms correspond to our impersonal verbs. 



1. Forms that never appear in active form (so far as known): 



'ayu'gi to be drowsy, 'a{ma')yugi (I) fall asleep for a moment;- b.lu powdery {mak'a'-b.lu dust, lit. 



powdery ground) ; 'a(ma')pab.lu (I) belch (cf. pab.lu to burrow; yub.lu to plough; wob.lu' wind 

 blows sand or dust; wob.lu'b.lu hiyu smoke, steam blows out in puffs) ; — pak{' to be inclined forward 

 at an angle, like a person leaning forward, a branch of a tree bending out, (majpa'ty (I) stand bent 

 forward; — (-)t'afc'i' to be lopsided, to lean over on top (adv.), {ma)ka't'ak'ik'i (I) stagger (as I 

 walk) ; — {-)t<apa half-dry (like mud, jerked beef when gradually getting dry) kat'a't'apa it is some- 

 what dry; — zqzq' glass; 'ozq'zq daylight, transparency, wana' kazq' zq it is now daybreak; — c'eliu 

 it is too short (said of a garment), {ma)ka'c'ehu (I) have on a too short garment; — kao'm.ni to 

 ' swirl around a fixed point, to eddy, {ma) ka'om.ni (I) am caught in a whirlwind, in an eddy ; — kap'o zela 

 to be of light weight, {ma) kap'o zela (I) am of light weight, I am a quick traveler without encum- 

 berances; — kalu'za to flow along (a stream), p'a'we {ma)ka'luza (nose blood flows [me] along) (I) 

 have a nosebleed; — katka to choke on a piece of solid food, {ma)ka'tka (I) choke on it; — kazu'kzuka 

 slimy material hangs down, H'm.nistq {ma)ka zukzuka (my) mucus hangs down from mouth; — 

 kahwo'ka to be blown away, carried by the wind, {ma)ka'hwoka (I) was blown by the wind; I am 

 fleet footed; — ■ -kseca to be cramped, yukse'ca, nakse'ca, {na)kse'ca 'a{ma')ya (I) get cramped; — 

 {-)ksiksa to be limp; kaksi'ksa he is fatigued, ksiksa' 'a'ya it is getting limp; — wog.li'cu it rebounds, 

 wog.li'cu ki 'ap'e" a rebound struck him; — {-)gi brown, lote' 'o{ma')yagi (I) am hoarse, lote' 'oya'gi 



a{ma)ya I am getting hoarse; t'i'pa to be contracted, shrunk, {ma)yu'Cipa or {ma)yu't'ipt'ipa 



(I) have cramps; — iyu'kpq it is all broken up 



2. Most of the verbs that appear both in active and impersonal forms have the prefix 

 ka- which expresses in these cases an indeterminate outer force. 



(-)'isti'ma to be asleep, {ma)ka'istime he puts me to sleep; (I) have fallen asleep; — {-)hq it is a sore; 

 {ma)ka'hq (I) have a sore (from working with a tool), 'i{ma')yuhq (I) have a sore (as from the rub- 

 bing of a strap) ; also {iva)ka'hq (I) cause it to be sore by striking; h\ta to be swept clear, wana' ka- 



hi'ta he has now swept it, (the clouds) have been swept away; — {-)hom.ni to turn on an arc, {ma)ka'- 

 hom.ni he turned (me) around; (I) have changed; — {-)c'qte't'iza to be stout hearted {c'qte' heart, 

 t'i'za stiff), c'qte' {ma)ka't'iza he makes (me) fearless; (I am) fearless; — {-)t'a to be dead, {ma)ka't'a 



he killed (me) by striking; (I) was stunned; spu to unfasten, kaspu' he knocked it loose, it 



became loose; — {-)c'e'ya to cry, {ma)ka' c'eya he made me cry by striking, I am crying (on account 

 of cold, etc.) 



Also with ka-: 



ka%'spe 65 to be world-wise (time has taught); — kah.%' to have a gash; — kahtt'hiiza to be shaken up, 

 he swings it to and fro; — kab.la'za to be ripped; — 'ica't'q to be in touch; — kaCe'pa to 

 be worn down; — kasu'ia to be hardened; — kaswa' to be ragged at the edge 6e ; — kaslu'ta (the tongue) 

 lolls; — kasna' (leaves) drop off; — 'oma'kasni I feel acold draft; — fcasfcw'sfcu itispeelingoff; — kasa'pa 

 to be dirtied; — 'o'kasipa to be weighted down; — kasi'ca it is spoiled; — kasi' cahowaya to cry out 

 in distress; — p'a'ice kasu'ia his nose bleeds; — kasle'ca it is split; — 'ista'-kaslo''ka his eye is 

 out; — 'oka'skq to be forced to move; — 'i'-kaza"ta the mouth hangs open; H' kaza'l ap'e" he 



M See also wau'spe to be learned; wau'spespesni clumsy. 

 M swaka', redupl. swaka'ka it unravels 



