48 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Memoirs National 



L V OL. XAIII, 



struck causing the mouth to open; — p t eh\' kaz-q hair falls out;- — kace'kceka to stagger; — p'eh\' 

 kala'la hair dangles all over (kala' to spill dry materials); — kaksa' to be cut off; — kaksi'ksiza to be 

 collapsed, bent in all directions (-ksiza to be bent at a joint) ; — kak'u'k'a to be worn out; — kagq' 

 to be unkempt; — kagq' it opens; — kahwa' to be sleepy after a long ride; — kahi'ca to be 

 aroused out of sleep; — kahle'ca to have a cut in the scalp; — kahli' to be mired (—Mi to touch 

 slimy material) ; — kahci' it is torn off 



wo is used often in resultative forms when moving water is understood as actor: 



woza'za to get clean (in a river, by rain); — 'iwo'p'qyq (adv.) grass is beaten down by rain, hail ('ika'p'qyq 

 by wind). 



In other cases it is rather action from a distance: 



woi'tom.ni he gets dizzy by being bumped about; (kai 'tom.nl he gets dizzy by being turned); — 'two' to 

 to bump oneself; -woMa'ka to be bumped into (ica'htak-p'icasni to be touchy) 



pa- is used rarely expressing a resultative: 



pawi'za to be bent by pushing; — 'ipa'sli to be squeezed against by pushing; — pag.lo'ka it is dislocated 

 (a joint) 



yu: 



'iyu'titq it fits tightly (-titq to exert force on); — yusi'si to be wrinkled; — yuski' to be wrinkled, 

 gathered in folds; — yug.mu'za to be shrivelled up (skin in old age), active only as adverb; — 'iyu'gipa 

 to be caught in a viselike grip; — yuK'i' it is warty, irregularly rough; — yuha'ha to be curly (kaha 

 'iya'ya it gets knotted); — c'qte'-kazq' to have heart-burn; yazq' it hurts 



From these verbs adverbs are formed (see pp. 107, 137 et seq.): 



kab.la'ge s'e wide and bulging (b.la'ga to be opened out like an umbrella); — Hca'g.la alongside of; — 

 kac'a'tkatka s'e like left-handed, awkward (c'atka' left-handed); — yup'i'ya nicely, well, beautifully 

 (p'i good); — 'ayu'c'oya carefully (c'o core?); — 'ayu'g.miyqyqpi s'e neatly, tidily (yug.tm'yqyq he 

 rolls it); — yuga'ga s'e tall and clumsy with long limbs, awkward (yuga'ga to be large-branched); — 

 yus'i's'ipi s'e like being tickled, having a wiggling walk, overenthusiastic (yus'i's'i to tickle) ; — ■ 

 yuhni'yqyqpi s'e atremble, hurriedly (hniyq'yq to tremble); — 'iyu'pseyaoS the trail, off the subject; — 

 'ipa'weh awry (pawe'ga to snap by pushing) 



Nouns are formed by composition. 



hoka'sku fish scales (ho fish, kasku' to knock off); — t'iyu'ktq dome shaped tipi (ktq to be bent); — hoyu'h'i 

 tree rings (ho circle, yuh'i' warty, rough) ; — c l qpa'ki stick set in ground obliquely to indicate direc- 

 tion of travel (pak\ to be pushed over forward) ; — 'ipu's'i convex side of a curve (s'j convex; 

 kas'i' it is a concave line) 



§ 47. ADVERBS WITH INSTRUMENTAL PREFIXES 



There are also a number of adverbs that cannot be associated with verbal stems and which 

 take instrumental prefixes. 



yut'e'hq to delay (from t'e'hq a long time), pat'e'hqyq 'e'g.naka he pushed it putting it far away; — 

 yae'c'ala to make it soon by talking, i. e., to say it will be soon; — yue'c'ala to make it seem recent, 

 i. e., as though it had been recently; — yule'c'ala as though it had been yesterday; — yule'na to make 

 it be right here, yule'na s'e as though it were right here; — pak'q'ye 'iye'ya he pushed it in front of him 



§ 48. INSTRUMENTALS WITH VERBS IN tu 



A number of such forms are derived from locative or temporal verbs in tu, contracted to I. 

 (See pp. 58, 137.) 



huk'u'l downward (yu, wo, pa, na, ka) 



yuhu'k'ul 'icu' he pulls it down; pahu'k'ul 'ihpe'ya he left him after having pushed him down; kahu'- 

 k'ulya 'otka' it hangs downward; — yuhu'kutu pull it down lowerl 



'akq'l on top, into view (ya, yu, wo, pa, na, ka) 



paa'kql 'au' he pushes it to the top; yua'kql 'aht'g.naka he pulled it up and laid it down here, yaa'kql 'icu' 

 he brought it to light by talking; — yua'kqtu, paa'kqtu to pull, push up 



