academy op sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 49 



wqka'l in upper regions 



nawq'kal hiyu it came upward 54.19 



t'qka'l outside (ya, yu, wo, pa, na, ka) 



pal'q'kal yu za he held him pushed outdoors; yut'q'kal 'icu he pulled it out, yat'q'kal 'iye'ya by talking 

 he sent him out 



mahe'l inside 



yuma'hel 'icu' he pulls it in 

 mak'o'skql away from everybody, in the wilds 



yama' k'oskql 'iye'ya he talks as though an important matter were a mere trifle 

 wosla'l in upright position 



pawo'slal 'iye'ya he put it upright, raising a standard, etc. 

 'a'optel less than 



yaa'optel 'iye'ya he lessens it, minimizes it speaking 

 pae'l 'iye'ya he forced it there (not with demonstrative le, he, ka, tok) 

 pae'c*el 'iye'ya push it the way it ought to be 



t*e'hql, mani'l, hewo'skql are not commonly used with instrumentals 

 'iye'hql is not used, but yui'yehqyq held at the same length as something else 



§ 49. INSTRUMENTALS WITH VERBS IN p*a, k'a 



Some adverbs are formed from instrumental prefixes attached to locative verbs in p'a (see 

 pp. 58, 143) that do not exist independently. 



he'ktap back, retarded (yu, wo, pa, na, ka, ya) 



pahe'ktap yu za he holds it back pushing; yuhe'ktap 'icu he jerked it back; kahe' ktapya 'u,' it stays forced 

 back 



Also compounded 'u'zihekta ('uze' buttocks) backwards, reversed 



paxi zihekta 'au'pi they bring it backing it up; ka% zihektakta g.n\' nq g.lihpa'ya he goes forced back 

 repeatedly and falls (like a wounded warrior) ; see also he'ktap'atqhq at or from the rear 



'itu'kap face upward (ya, yu, wo, pa, na, ka) ('ite' face, wqka'p upward) 



'ity'kap yuka' he lay face up; 'it%kap 'e'luycq 'oma'ni he walks looking up; pai'tykap 'ihpe'ya he pushed 

 him down so that he lay face up; yui'tukap yu' za he held him face upward; kai'iv^kap g.lihpe'ya he 

 caused him to fall face up 



t*oka'p ahead ; t'oka'pya 'ece' 'y! or t ( oka'p*ata 'ece' '%' he is always at the head (ya, yu, wo, 

 pa, na); the former means manner, the latter place 



pat'o'kap 'iye'ya he pushed him ahead; yut'o'kap yu' za he held it forward 

 fieya'p towards the hills, out of the way 51.12, 179.14; also heya'ta 



yuhe'yap 'icu' he removed it; pahe'yap 'iye'ya he pushed it aside; kahe' yap 'ihpe'ya he struck it aside 

 c*oka'p inside a bounded area 



pac'o'kap 'iye'ya he pushed it out into the middle 

 'iha'kap following 



kai'hakapya 'iya'ya forced into an immediately following position he goes 



From terminal k K a we find 

 anyfk apart 



yua'nuk yu za he held it parted 



