50 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [MEMOI [ E voL A £xin 



§ 50. LOCATIVES WITH INSTRUMENTAL kd- 



A number of these adverbs can take only the prefix ka. These are: 

 hu'tawapya towards downstream, southward 



kahu'tawapkiyake s'e t'iyo'pya he makes the door of the tip! face approximately (ke s'e) south 

 'i'yokHheya next in order (from 'i'yokHhq to stand next) 



kai'yok'iheya forced into second place 

 he'ktakiya towards the rear (see pp. 58; 121, no. 27; 143 he'ktap) 



kahe'klakiya g.licu" he turned and came back 



hepi'ya uphill, on the road to a place 



e'qku k{ he'l kahe'piya 'iya'ya the road there goes uphill. Also used as noun (without ka) and as verb: 

 hepi'ya k{ 'a'taya c'q" the hill side is all (covered with) wood 



'ai'yoRpeya downhill 



he kaa'iyohpeya k{ he'l c'etH' theie the downhill there he built a fire. Also as verb or noun: hala' , he'l 

 kaa iyohpeya ye' look out! there is a downhill slope, or he'l 'ai'yohpeya ye' (woman speaking) 



'a'bcya in various directions (yu- and wo- rarely used) 



kaa'beya k'ig.la'pi they have gone in different directions 



§ 51. LOCATIVES WITH VARIED INSTRTJMENTALS 



Others occur with various instrumental prefixes. 



'eha'kela last (in space or time) (yu, wo, pa, na) verb and adverb; 'ema'hakela I am the last. 

 With instrumental always adverbial 



yue'hakela (ma)yu'za he held (me) in the last position; pae'hakela iye'ya he sent him by pushing into the 

 last position 



'oKla'fe underneath (ya, yu, wo, pa, na, ka) 



pao'hlal'e 'iye'ya he pushes it underneath; nao'hlat'e 'ihpe'ya he left it kicked underneath 



'icH'c'uya in the wrong way, in opposite direction to each other (ya, yu, wo, na, pa, ka) 



'ic'i'c'uya expresses also a mistake in address; mistakenly, opposed to the normal way; 'ic'i'c'uya 

 'iye'(wa)ya (I) put it in the wrong end first; yui'cSc'uya b.lu'za I hold them in opposite directions 

 (this refers to a personal ceremony of a holy man, two firebrands being held with burning ends in 

 opposite directions) ; yui'c'ic'uya 'iye'ye se'ce' perhaps he put it, held in the wrong position 



pai'c'icawi 'iye'ya he sends it back by pushing it; yui' c'icawi 'i(via')cu (I) take it back holding it back 

 from the direction it was going 



'ekta'sniyq (lit. not at the [right] place). The same meaning as the preceding 



pae'klasniyq 'iye'ya he pushed it into a wrong position 



'ikce'ya 67 ordinarily, commonly ('ikce'ka it is ordinary, of the regular kind; , ikce'-wic'a''sa 

 Indian) (ya, yu, pa, ka) 



yui'kceya and yai'kceya are both verbs, to make secular, available for every day use 

 t'ahe'na towards the speaker ('it'a'hena this side, nearer than) (yu, wo, pa, na, ka) 



yut l a'hena 'icu' he pulled it towards himself; pat'a'hena hiyu'ya he sent it pushing it this way 

 k'qye' in front (yu, wo, pa, ka) 



yuk'q'ye 'i(wa')cu (I) brought it out, forth, forward; pak'q'ye hiyu'ya he pushed it out 

 'ini'la silent, speechless 52.8 (ya, yu, wo, pa, na, ka) 



('tni'la \ he is speechless; also name of a snake that looks like a rattlesnake but makes no noise) yui'nila 

 'ihpe'ya he left him made quiet, silent; yai'nila 'ihpe'ya (the same, but effected by talking); kai'nila 

 'ihpe'ya (the same, effected by striking) 



97 'ikce'ya means also "unceremoniously, without reference to anything." 'ikce'ya taku'waya I am related to him in an ordinary way, i. e., he is 

 one who does not require avoidance; also, he is an affinal relative. 



