academy of scibncbs] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 51 



kHnu'k'q in two, in two ways; with instrumentals: apart separated (yu, wo, pa, na, ka) 



pak'i'nuk'q wic'a'yuza he held them apart; — yuk'i'n%k % q 'twi'c'acupi they took them apart (k'inif'k'q 

 'iwi'c'acupi each of two took one); — kakH'n%k'q 'lya'yapi they went each his own way; — 

 kakH'nuk l qyq '%k'%'kle lo' we'll separate (a married couple); — yua'n%k yu' za he holds it apart (like 

 two curtains) 



'afcV yonder, behind you 

 paa'k l o 'iye'ya he shoves it away; — yua'k'o Hcu' he takes it away 



tqyq well 



tqyq 'i'yqka it is running nicely; — yutq'yqkel yu za he holds it rather steadily; — yulq'yqkel 'oya'ka he 

 tells it rather well 



'isna singly 



yui'snala Hcu he took it away by itself, alone 



Colloquially we find also the adverbial expressions yuli'la s'e with more speed (by some 

 means, very, as though); and yua'taya, kaa'taya, paa'taya together; p. e., yua'taya yu'za he held 

 it together (a'taya entire). 



§ 52. INSTRUMENTALS WITH NOUNS 



Instrumentals may also be used with nouns with the meaning "to make someone like, to 



treat like." 



yuma't'o to make someone like a bear (angry) 276.16 



Hg.lu'mat'o (a name) he makes himself like a bear (angry) 



yuwi'c'asa to make into a man, i. e. to honor a person 



yuwi'yq to make into a woman, i. e. to honor a woman; le'l he' wtiko'w\-'i^he c , %, to'Vesk'e wic'a'sa 



wq way/sila c'a yu z\ nq yuw\'yake hereabouts that one a foolish woman (harlot) continually was, in 



some manner a man regarded her compassionately and married her and made something like a 



woman of her! 

 yuho'ksicala to treat like a baby; 'eha's 'iya'kiye s'a nqluho'ksicalaye' , wana' he t'q'kaye sq', too much you 



always take his part and you treat him like a baby, although that one is big now 

 kahu'te to cut down to a stump 

 c l uwi'-nac'e"hkiya to buck (as a horse) (c'uwi' body; c'e'ga kettle) body makes itself by inner force a 



kettle 

 yasu to judge, decide {su seed) Teton 

 yac'o' to judge, decide (c'o kernel) Yankton 

 yuo'ko to pull apart; pao'ko to push apart (oko space between) 



Nouns with the prefix ya- with the mouth, express "to call someone so and so," ascribing a 

 certain character to him. 



yak'o'skalaka he calls him a youth; — yavn'k'oskalaka he calls her a young woman; — yawi' c'icala 

 s'a lah! loana's c'ica' o'taye sq' he is always calling her girl, although now she has many children; — 

 yai'te to natter (tie' face); — kab.lo'b.lo (to make ridges by striking) to flog (b.lo prominence) 



We find also with indefinite pronouns: 



yuta'kunisni (to make by means of — nothing — not) 

 yala'kusni to belittle by talking (by means of mouth nothing) 



§ 53. INSTRUMENTALS WITH LOST MEANING 



In a number of verbs containing instrumental prefixes the feeling for the meaning of the 

 prefix has so completely disappeared that they are given an additional instrumental prefix. 



'ipa'wefi, 'ipa'wefiya off the straight line, off the subject (with prefixes ya, yu, wo, ka; see 

 we'ga to be snapped off) 



yui'paweh yu'za he holds it out of the straight course, yai'paweh'eya' he says it so as to mislead; — 

 woi'paweh 'iye'ya he knocked it from a distance out of alignment 



'iyu'pseya, 'iyu' psepseya off the straight line, same meaning as the preceding (with prefixes 



ya, wo, ka; the stem pse does not occur alone) 

 (wa)pa'ptuza (I) bend from the hips forward 

 yupa' ptustukel 'icu he held him sort of bent forward 



