52 DAKOTA GRAMMAK [Memoibs. national 



I \ OIj. aa 111, 



The instrumental pu by pressure, is no longer recognized as a prefix and verbs containing it 

 take readily other prefixes. 



kapu'ski s'e 'iKpe'ya he left him thrown in aheap; — kapu'stak forced into a bent, stooping condition 



§ 54. Order of Locative and Instrumental Prefixes 



As stated before (p. 39) the first prefix modifies the whole content of the following complex. 

 Therefore locative prefixes may either follow or precede instrumentals. The following examples 

 will illustrate this: naa'b.laya to smooth the top of a pile with the foot; 'ana'b.laya to smooth 

 something with the foot over something else; nao'fimi to kick something so that it is crooked; 

 'ona'timi to kick something crooked inside a place; ksa to be severed, 'oksa' it is severed inside a 

 whole (p. e., a tooth is out, a roof is caved in). With the instrumental prefix ka by striking, is 

 formed kao'ksa to cause by striking something to be severed inside a hole (p. e., to knock a tooth 

 out, to break in a roof by striking). On the other hand kaksa' means to sever by striking, 

 'oka'ksa to sever by striking, the action occurring within or into a certain area. 



pao'g.muza to cause it by pushing to be closed in (p. e., to shut a pliable tent-door), 'opa'g.muza to close 



by pushing within, or into an area 

 pao'g.migma he pushes it into a rolling state, ' opa g .migma he pushes it so that it rolls down a given way 

 woa's'aka to make adhere by shooting, 'awo's'aka to make stick by shooting on 

 kaa't'qi he strikes it into a state of being visible to the eye, or mind, 'aka't'qi (rare, but possible) he makes 



it visible on top, by striking 

 kao't'iza, he strikes it, making it fit tight in its place, 'oka't'iza he strikes it into a hard, firm thing, in a 



place, as a room; or into a hole, 'ot'i'za to fit tight; t'i'za, hard, firm, compact, solid 

 nao' pisyela (adv.) appearing to be wrinkled, as the skirts of a slender woman, that whip about her 



legs; 'opi'za it is in a wrinkled state, 'ona'piza by walking, she makes it wrinkled in, or about 



(herself) 

 naa' takunisni by kicking, he makes it become annihilated; vanish into nothing, ' ana' takunisni by kicking 



on, as a rock, he crushes the thing to pieces. 

 yao'g.mi by eating the grass, he (horse) leaves a bare place, 'oya'g.mi all over the place he grazes it bare 

 kao'tqyq (adv.) by striking causing a jarring effect on or in, 'oka'tq to hammer in, as a nail 



Sometimes the two forms mean quite different things, one figurative. 



yuo's\ to make it get into a knot, by tying carelessly (where a bow was intended), 'oyu'si to have a hidden 

 grudge against someone; to be at enmity with 



The instrumental must always precede the locative (or nominal) when the verb, finite or 

 subordinate, requires a fixed locative or nominal prefix. Examples are: 



'He' to burn; — (-)'iyo'waza to echo; — 'ica'pa to open mouth; — 'i'coga to gather in folds, to drift to; — 

 'ic'i'cawi, 'ic'i'c'uya in reverse direction (adv.); — 'ity/kap «'ite'-wqkap) face up (adv.); — 'ini'la 

 silent (adv.); — -ize(la) disorderly arranged; — {-)'a'slaya to expose, 'a'slayela plainly (from 

 sla bare) ; — 'i'yaslalya to show up a person (-slala ?) ; — ' ata kunisni to vanish (a-ta ku-ni-sni to 

 vanish (on nothing — not); — 'owo't'qla straight; — 'o'p'o warped 



§ 55. Indefinite Object wa- 



The prefix wa- designates an indefinite object and is used with transitive verbs, corresponding 

 to the English intransitive forms of verbs that are ordinarily transitive. 



waka'kpq to pound things fine; — wak'u'te to shoot things; — wap'a'la to butcher;- — waya'wa to read; — 

 wac'e't'y.g.la to doubt; — wac'a'st'u, to confer a name on someone 



When the verb begins with a vowel idiomatic use requires sometimes contracted, some- 

 times uncontracted forms. Verbs with initial a or i contract only when they have a special 

 meaning. Verbs with initial o behave much more irregularly. The contracted forms are in 

 meaning firmer units than those not contracted. They express a habitual occupation and are for 

 this reason often more specific than the uncontracted forms. This general principle reappears in 

 contractions of the possessive (p. 132) where contracted forms express the more intimate degrees of 



