54 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [MEM TvoL. A xxm I : 



In a number of cases the noun requires the ending -ka. With neutral verb it expresses an 

 object, with active verbs an actor. Examples of neutral verbs are: 



wasku'yeca something sweet, i. e., fruit; — waVo'keca something different, i. e., a delicacy; — wagu'geca 

 something scaly, i. e., dandruff 



With active verbs words are formed which are still felt as verbs, but which function very 

 commonly as nouns when followed by the article. 



wakte'ka one who kills animals easily; — wao'ka a marksman; — wao'kihika one who is efficient; — 

 wi'yeyeca one who is good at finding things; — wi' stestececa one who has fits of bashfulness; — 

 wawi' RaRayeca an amusing person 



Without -ka we find: 



wa%'c'ala little imitator, i. e., monkey;- — wae'pazo the one who points thither, i. e., index finger; — 

 waki'c\za the one who decrees his own, a leader 



Transitive verbs may employ a double wa, one being direct, the other indirect object: 



waRo'kuk^iya he advises him, wawa' hoki^kHya he advises people about things; — Hg.nu he mentions 

 it to him; wi'g.nu he mentions (unkind) things to him, wawi'g.nu he mentions (unkind) things to 

 people;' — 'iyu'ski 09 he is pleased with it, wi'yusk\ he is pleased with things, i. e., he is happy, wawi'- 

 yuski he is pleased with things towards people, i. e., he is cordial to people; — 'iRq'kya to destroy 

 ('ihq'ke end), wai'hqkya to destroy something, wawi'Rqkya to destroy things for people; — 'iyo'p'eya 

 he scolds him; wawi'yop'eya to scold people; — 'iRa'ya he makes him laugh, wawi'Raya to be enter- 

 taining, wawi' RaRayeca an amusing person; — wawi'stelya to cause embarrassment (wi'steca to be 

 bashful); — waic'aRya to cause things to grow, wawi'c'aRya creator 



It appears from these examples that the double wa is the most generalized term. It is not 

 always possible to trace the exact meaning of the two objects. 



Hyu'tq he is tempted by it, wai'yutq he is tempted by something, wawi'yiUqyq to cause people to be 

 tempted by things, i. e., to be a temptor;- — 'ina'wizi he is jealous of it, wai'nawizi or wi'nawizi he is 

 jealous of something; wawi' nawiswizika a person of jealous disposition;- — yuVq he touches it; 

 wayu't'q to touch things, wawa'yut'q one whose work it is to touch things, i. e., an attendant in a 

 ceremony;- — wayu'p'ika one who is skilled at something, ivaiva'yup'ip'ika one who is generally 

 talented; — 'i'waRtelasni he dislikes something about him, wawi' waRtelasm he is disagreeable, he dis- 

 likes everything about everybody;- — 'iyu't'a he tries it; wai'yut'a he tries something, wi'yut*a he 

 uses sign language, he measures, wawi'yut'a to be one who tries to expose people by tricky ques- 

 tions; — 't'k'uwa to deal with someone, excite him, wawi' k'uwa he is a schemer who excites people 

 about things; — wawi' nakiRniRnika one who is always in a hurry ('ina'Rni he is in a hurry); — wawa'- 

 p'ilaya to be obliging 



The prefix wo- contracted from wao- forms nouns, particularly abstract nouns. 



wo'wasi work (wasi' to employ);- — wo' waste goodness;- — wo'wistece shame;- — wo'ptecasni infinity (ptecela 

 short);- — wo'winihq something awe-inspiring ('ini'Rq to be in awe of, yuo'niRq to honor, niRqsni 

 unawed); — wo'p'aRte a package (wo'p'aRta to tie things in a bundle); — wo'iyokisice sorrow 

 {'iyo'kisica to be unhappy, 'oi'yokisica it is a sad occasion, place; to behave unbecomingly, 

 to be improper);- — woi'nap'e a defense ('oi'nap'a to take shelter in); — wo'g.naka a container, also, 

 to store things 



§§ 56-64. Suffixes 



§ 56. -ca 



The suffix ca changes preceding changeable a. It is not free but occurs in many verbs. It 

 might be mistaken for -ka rather, but differs from it insofar as its own terminal a does not change. 

 It is probably not derived from ka, although it occurs only after e and i. The suffix -ka may 

 follow all verbs that have the ending ca. -ka itself changes to -ca only after e changed from a, 

 not when it follows verbs ending in e or i, while ca always retains the same form. 



wqii' , wqzi'ca one; wani'yetu (ma)wq'zi or wani'yetu (ma)wq' zica (I am) one year old (wqzi' is also adjec- 

 tive, not wazi'ca); t'owq'zica (the sky) is one blue (cloudless); — sani' one side, one of a pair, one 

 half; sani'ca it is one-sided; sani' ca-kasla" he wears hair cut on one side; Rqp-sa'ni g.nu'ni he lost 



86 ib.lu'Skj 1st person. 



