Academy or Sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 55 



one of his moccasins (sani' is also adjective) ;■ — 'oRlo'geca it is hollow (tree, tooth); see c'qRlo'gu 

 pithy weed (<Cc'q-hlog-hu; hid ga alone is not in use); — Rpeca'snt, Rpeca'ka, Rpeca'kesni energetic 

 (see hpeca' to be inactive, Santee; Rpe-yq'ka to lie inactive, refers to a dog with pups) ; — kic'i' with him, 

 it (not with plural), kic'i' ca they two are partners, as man and wife; — se'ca it is blanched (hay, wood) 

 (see se'na a Yankton nickname for a certain very blonde half blood) ;■ — wahpa'niya to make poor (by 

 desertion, death), wa(ma)Rpa' nica (I am) poor; — 'osi'ceca it is bad weather (si'ca bad); — waki'g.leca 

 to have a feeling of something that is to happen, to presage from one's feelings (see g.la to sense, 

 which is, however invariable), 'osi'ceca-wakig.leca to sense by bodily feelings the approach of bad 

 weather; — 'o(wa)R'q'-s%keca to do something irremedial; fatal Coh'q' to act, s%kq'yq surprisingly, 

 contrary to what seems probable), 'owe'-sy.keca he said something irremedial; — t'o'keca reduplicated 

 t'okt'o'keca different (t'o'ka alien, enemy); — 'i'skokeca reduplicated 'i'skoskokeca of the same size as 

 it;- — p'ica' reduplicated p'ilp'i'ca fairly good (p'iya' to make better, to repair); — wase'ca to be well 

 supplied (with food) ; — 'owa'sleca it is pleasant (cf . waste'ka rather good) ; — le'c'eca, he'c'eca, ka'k'eca, 

 to'k'eca it is like this, that, 'oa'hec'eca to moderate, improve; — 'nzi'ca reduplicated \zi'kzica bob- 

 tailed, with short skirt or jacket: — 'u'c'unica to be dumbfounded, unable to act on account of 

 excitement (cf. kic'\(ni to fail, Santee; probably from 'o-e'c'% to do, -ni negative); — yusti'ca to 

 underestimate difficulties (cf. mast\'[ca] rabbit) ; —t'eca' to be lukewarm (t'a dead?) ; — nawi'c'akseca 

 they were doubled up (in an epidemic) (ksa to be coiled up); — ivasku'yeca berries, fruits (skuya 

 sweet;- — waga'geca lattice work (-ga opened out); — 'izu'za fine grained whetstone; zuze'ca snake; — 

 'igu'ga sandstone, wagu'geca porous bone, dandruff; guge'ca it is porous, rough grained 



Evidently there is no feeling for ca as a suffix. This is indicated by the reduplicated forms 

 pHcaf pHlpH'ca, 'uzi'ca 'uzi'kzica. On the other hand it is not easy to tell whether some of these 

 stems may not be cvc, for instance se'ca blanched ; guge'ca; while t'eca' is abnormal for cvc verbs, 

 because it has the accent on the second syllable. 



A fairly large number of nouns end in ca and it is doubtful if they belong here. 



naca' M 'war chief; — wqye'ca firefly; — t'qsna'yeca or t'qsna'heca gopher (t'q body); — heca' buzzard; — 

 ptego'p'eca hawk; — k'usle'ca kingfisher(?) ; — ma'yasle(ca) coyote; — p'isle'ca spleen; — c'eca' leg; — 

 skeca fisher; — wazi'skeca; wazu'steca strawberry; — k'qk'e'ca large woodpecker; — zica squirrel; — 

 hoksi'(ca) child; — Vi'canica curlew; — 'om.ni'ca beans 70 ; — 'uRna'gicala the screech owl (mythical); — 

 t'ak'q'yeca blackberry; — pteh\ca calf; — c'%ca child 



§ 57. -ka RATHER 



-ka, somewhat, changes changeable a to e and takes itself after such change the form ca. 

 (See p. 29.) The terminal a of ka is changeable. 



cv and cvcv verbs, both active and static add -ka to the stem. 



he ba'ka he rather blames that one (6a to blame) ; — 'ole'ka he searches for it casually ('ole' to hunt, 

 search) ; — c'i'kesni he is rather disinclined to do it (c'i to want) ; — wag.la'g.laka he is rather squeam- 

 ish (g.la to abhor) ; — 'ig.ni'ka he asks for him casually ('ig.ni' to look up something) ; — 'ap'e'ka he 

 rather expects him ('ap'e' to wait); — bvbu'ka he is clumsy, heavily built (bu deep sound); — 'ob.la'- 

 yeka it is quite level (-b.laya level); — gq'ka his hair is rather untidy (gq hair is untidy); — yugo'ka 

 he is played out [colloquial] -go to have deep scratches); — wakte'kteka to be of the kind that kills, 

 to be a successful hunter (fee to kill); — waki'g.mag.maka he is rather like his forebears (kig.ma he 

 takes after his forebears) ; — g.leska'ka it is somewhat spotted (g.leska' spotted) ; — 'ao't'ehqtuka it 

 is rather far ('ao't'ehqtu it is far); — c'agu'ka a fool (c'agu' lungs), and c'agu'guka; — 'okpq'ka bits, 

 crumbs; — 'o'smaka a depression in the ground (sma dented); — wayu'haka one rather well-to-do 



Not all active verbs take the ending -ka; it occurs, however, in phrases like the following 

 with all verbs: 



wo' (wa) heca ke'pi' nq (I) call that cooking and (it is done very badly) ('ohq' to cook in a kettle; literally 

 (I) kind of cook I said and); — g.le'ca kc'y\ nq he calls that coming home and (he loiters) (g.la to 

 return home) 



cvc verbs, also with instrumentals, with changeable a change terminal vowel to e; others 

 retain a. 



sa'peca it is blackish (sa'pa black) ; — se'caka it is somewhat blanched (se'ca blanched, as old hay, wood) ; — 

 'ac'e'peca it is rather fat (c'e'pa to be fat); — Rpeca'kesni he is rather energetic; — 'ayu'takesni he 

 rather ignores him ('ayu'ta to look at); — also 'eye'ca he says in a way ('eya' he says), 'eye'ca yn'k l q' 

 by the way; — c'e'yeca he cries as it were (c'e'ya to cry) 



680 Thtre are only two words with an a followed by ca. 

 70 Mandai. o'minik suggests an older ending ka. 



