56 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Memoirs Nations. 



[Vol. XXIII, 



When the verb is nominalized by the prefix 'o the ka is not changed to ca after terminal e. 



le'l 'ob.la'yeka it is level land here (le'l from letu); — 'oa'ake s'e le'l it seems to be somewhat mouldy (le'l 

 from le'c'eca) 



With the suffix la (see p. 57 ) it intensifies: 



wo'helaka waif,' only as a cook I exist; — ska'telaka wa-q' only as a player I exist; — wa'p'ilaka an incredibly 

 lucky person, (wa'p'ika a lucky person) ; — c'qle'laka mayu'hapi they kept me mostly as a fuel gatherer 

 (c'qle' to gather wood for fuel) ; — yuhlo kelake that is some hole he makes! — ' oRlo' kalake' that is some 

 hole! (ohloka a noun, does not change terminal a to e) — ye'laka he is really going along (although 

 you think he can not move) 



§ 58. -kel SOMEWHAT, RATHER, SUBORDINATE FORM 



It seems likely that this is the subordinate form of a verbal suffix -keca which does not change 

 a preceding changeable a. It may be related to the -ca previously discussed. The suffix -kel is 

 attached to active verb stems terminating in a vowel. This includes cv and cvcv stems and 

 those cvc stems that do not lose their terminal a. A few exceptions will be noted. Neutral 

 verbs ending in a vowel are first transformed into subordinate form by the suffix ya. Active cvc 

 verbs including the neutral stems made active by means of instrumental prefixes take the suffix 

 -tukel. It may be that the tu of this form is identical with the tu discussed on page 58. 



Active verbs with terminal vowel taking the ending -kel: 



'ap'e'kel 'y.' he stays kind of waiting ('ap'e' to wait) ; — h\g.ny,'kel 'iye'ya she singed it slovenly, h\g.ny. 

 to singe; — 'ig.ni'kel 'y.' he kind of looks for him ('ig.ni' to look up something); — c'i' ktaktakel whining 

 like a fretful child (c'i'kta to whine) ; — c'e'kiyakel addressing by kinship term (c'e'kiya to address by 

 kinship term); — nahma'kel hiding in a way (nahme'ca ke'yi' nq he called it hiding and); — c'op'a'kel 

 hiyu he crossed half wading, half stepping on stones (c'op'a' to wade) ; — slohq'kel crawling (slohq) ; — 

 pehq'kel folding (pehq' to fold); — puspa'kcl glueing carelessly (puspe'ca he glued it some way) 



Active verbs with causative -ya and k l iya (See p. 100): 



sku'yeyakel making it sweet (sku'ya sweet) ; — sapye k'iyakel kind of causing him to make it black 



When a neutral cv or cvcv verb is made transitive by means of an instrumental prefix, the 

 suffix -kel is attached to the stem. 



kab.la'kel 'iye'ya she jerks the meat slovenly, hurriedly; — kab.lu'kel making it somewhat powdery by 

 striking; — kac'q'kel 'iye'ya he hurriedly sifted it (c'q to be trembling, shaking); — yasu'kel passing 

 judgment hastily (yasu to judge, determine); — yugq'kel 'icu' he opened the door by chance (-gq to 

 be open); — kago'kel 'iye'ya he just scratched (vaccinated) him; — yug.la'kel 'icv' by pulling he just 

 unravelled it (g .la to be unwound, unravelled) ; — yuwa'c'ikel making him dance in a way; — yug.my'kel 

 twisting somewhat; — yug.lo'kel making it grunt by pulling; — kag.mi'kel clearing off weeds or 

 bushes to some extent; — yub.la skakel making it flat (b.laska' to be flat and hard) 



Neutral verbs, cv, cvcv and cvc types, add -ya to the stem: 



buya'kel lowq' he sings rather deep in the throat (6m it is a deep sound); — b.luya'kelr&ther powdery (b.lu 

 it is powdery) ; — coco'yakel in a rather muddy state (coco' muddy, consistency of dough) ; — c'oya'kel 

 quite satisfactorily (colloquial) (c'o satisfactory) ; — c'oya'kel with a rather splashing sound (c'o it 

 is a splashing sound);' — gqyq'kel rather untidy of hair (gq to have untidy hair); — b.laska yakel fairly- 

 flat (b.laska' to be flat); — c'epya'kel 'y.' he is pretty fat (c'e'pa to be fat); — ksapya'kel '%' he lives 

 rather wisely (ksa'pa to be wise) but ksa'ptukel oJi'q he acts wisely; (ksa'pa is sometimes used as 

 an active verb; always in Yankton and Assiniboine); — k'alya'kel 'ec'e'ca he is a little hot, feverish 

 (k'a'ta to be hot); — sapya'kel rather blackish; — silya'kel (followed by neutral verb), sica' yakel 

 (followed by active verb) badly (si'ca bad); — t'elya'kel rather new (t'e'ca new); — b.lihe'lyakel rather 

 energetic (b.lihe'ca industrious, energetic) ; — 'ot'q'kayakel in a fairly large area 



Active cvc verbs, active verbs in p'a losing their terminal vowel, and neutral cvc verbs 

 losing terminal vowel, when made active by instrumental prefixes take the ending -tukel. 



ska'ltukel playing in a way; — 'ic'a'ptukel stabbing in a way; — c'qya'ktukel hpa'yahq he is lying there 

 groaning somewhat; — yuhlo' ktukel 'iye'ya hurriedly he made a hole in it (hlo'ka to have a hole, to be 

 open through); — kaha'ptukel 'iye'wic'aya he tried to drive them (wic'a) away without carrying 

 through his attempt ((-)hapa to have a rustling sound); — kazy'ltukel 'e'g.nakapi they laid (the logs) 

 in a kind of parallel arrangement (zyfta straight, parallel, upright in behavior, balanced); — 

 papu stukel being made dry by pushing to and fro (rubbing) 



