acadbm* of sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 57 



A number of verbs, active in form, are conceived as neutral and take accordingly the neutral 

 form. The finite verb combined with it expresses a permanent state. 



(wa)pa'ptuza (I) bend over the trunk sharply forward; paptu'syakel '%' s'a he always is in a somewhat 



bent over posture; with a second instrumental yupa' ptustukel Hcu he took him in a somewhat bent 



posture 

 c'o(iva)p'a (I) wade; m.nic'o'plukel 'iya'ya some way wading in the water he went; c'op'a'kel hiyii he 



crossed wading now and then (action) ; c'op'a yakel t'a hpa'ya like wading (condition) (i. e., feet in 



water) dead he lay 

 -ce'ka to be staggering (active with instrumental except ka) ; yuce'keektukel 'e'yaya in a way he pulled 



him staggering along; kace kcekyakel '%' he is in a staggering condition 

 (wa)g.la' (I) abhor; g.laya'kel squeamishly (correct in form, but not idiomatic) 

 yut'q'kayakel made into a larger size 

 yuo'cik'ayakel made in a way a small space 



-b.la'za to tear open; yub.la stukel 'iye'ya he tore it open hastily; 'i'yub.lasyakel \' he wore it spread open 

 c'et'it'g.la to doubt the truth of; c'et'ii'g.lakel 'ayu'pta doubting him he replied; c'et'ii'g.layakel 'ece' \' 



he is a skeptic, he always doubts it, him 



Conversely some verbs that are in form neutral are conceived as active and take the form in 

 Icel if ending in a vowel, tukel when ending in a consonant. 



'a(ma')yug\ (I) take a snooze, contracted 'o'gigi half asleep; 'o'gig%kel mqka' I am sitting half asleep 



(m)isti'ma n (I) am asleep; 'isli'makel m%ka I lie somewhat asleep 



'iyn'ka to go to bed, 'imx(ka I go to bed; 'iy % 'ktukel oma'ni he goes about lounging anywhere 



'able' za; 'ab.le'slukel mqka' I sat observing casually 



t'ezi' 'oka'c'oc'oyakel '%ku'pi we come, the belly making a splashing noise (referring to the horses) ka 



is here neutral (see p. 47) 

 waka'gi I am restrained by a taboo or shyness; wo'kagiyakel 'ece'-'n he always lives in a condition of 



causing restraint (-ya to cause) 



§ 59. -la DIMINUTIVE 



Changes changeable a to e; itself not changeable. 



k'oska'la a youth; — k'a'zela shallow (la fixed); — ci'k'ala it is small ci'scila (la separable); — ple'cela short 

 (la fixed) ; — oci'k'ayela it is a small place (fixed) ; — oci'k'ayelaka it is a rather small place; — c'e'yela 

 s'a the little one, or remarkable one, always cries; wa(ma')luk'ala (I) the poor, little one (am) tired 



With the plural of demonstratives la means "only," hena'la only those, to'nala only some. 

 With fici and la (see p. 56) emphatic: 



he'tulahci wat'i" just theie I live 



iye' hqlulahci g.li" exactly at that time he arrived coming back 



§ 60. -hca PREDICATIVE, Kc% SUBORDINATE 



With indefinite pronouns it appears in adverbial form, both change preceding changeable a 

 to e, Rca itself changes to e. 



'u-wa' c'ihca he wanted very much to come;- — 'iyu'skihca g.li' he was delighted with it when he came 

 back; — iyu"sk\yefic\ g. li" he returned, the return being delightful for him; — 'o'p'akta c'i'Rca to join 

 (future) he really wanted; 'o'p'ahcikta c'%" really to join he wanted; — 'i't'ehqhea yn'k'q.' ley e" it was 

 a long while, then he said this; t'e'hqhci hi' sni for a long while he did not come; — loc'i'hca ivqya'k 

 na'zi he was very hungry he stood watching (here c'a it being so, referring to the subject, is omitted 

 after loc^i'hca); — miye'hca (c'a) wqb.la'ke I (and no other) (it being so) saw him; — le' e'hca c'a it is 

 this very one, being that one 



'owo't*qlahc\ 'e\papi very straightly they laid it down; — tuive'Rci 'o'makiya 'oki'hi huwo' anyone being 

 helping me is able to? (can anyone help me?); — tuwe'nihc\ \'hi(ma)lasni nobody pities (me); — 

 tuwe'nihc\ b.luha'sni I have no one at all; — la'kunihci b.luha'sni I have not anything at all; — ta'kuke 

 c'e'yas 'oya's'ihci b.luha' indeed I have everything 



" 'iiti'ma does not take ira in subordinate form. 



