KQ DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Memoirs National 



t " J [\OL. XXIII, 



With the future ~-kteKc\, Kc\ is predicative and signifies "to want badly, to be strongly inclined 

 to." The terminal i does not change; c'e'yikteKci he is always inclined to cry. 



§ 61. -tu 

 Verbs or nouns expressing spatial and temporal concepts in -tu 



A number of verbs expressing spatial and temporal concepts are used both as verbs and 

 nouns and it is not certain which is the primary concept. A very few others have the same form. 

 In adverbial forms the terminal u drops off and / changes according to the general rule to l. 72 



Spatial concepts. 



'akq'tu it is on top, the place on top 'akq'l 



wqka'tu the upper regions, heaven wqka'l 



'i'huk'utu the place region below huk'u'l, k'ul 



t'qka'tu the place out doors t'qka'l 



mahe'tu the place inside mahe'l 



mani'tu, the uninhabited regions mani'l 



mak'o' skqtu the wild regions mak'o' skql 



hewo' skqtu the wild mountains hewo'skql 



t'e'hqtu the region far away f'e'hql 



('Dk'qye'lu the place in front k'qye'l 



'owo'slatu the upright position 'owo'slal 



'a'optetu what is less than it 'a'optel (stem ptec-) 



fape'tu and fape' the shoulder region (noun) does not seem to belong to this series 



A number of locative, terms derived from verbs in -p'a, many of which are not in use in finite 

 form, have their subordinate forms in p. (See p. 143, no. 8.) 



'ihe'yaptu place at a distance from it 'ihe'yap'aya 'ihe'yap 



('i)sa'k'iplu the place beside (it) sak'i'p 



c'oka'ptu, 'i'c'okaptu the middle c'okap 

 'iha'kaplu the position following another one ('o'hakaptu the 'iha'kap, 'o'hakap 



time later) 



'ihe'ktaptu the position behind 'ihe'ktap 



'i'hutaptu the region to the south, downstream 'i'hutap 



ho'c'okaptv the middle of the camp circle ho'c'okap 



'ik'o'kaptu and i't'okaplu place in front of it 'ik'o'kap, 'it'o'kap 



From verbs in A: 'a we have: 



'anii'ktu place on either side 'an%'k 



to'Va, to'ktu it is in some kind of condition tok 



From finite verbs we have: 



howo'kawihlu the track around the camp circle (</to 'oka'w\ga to go around the camp circle) 



Temporal terms: 



'qpe'tu daytime 'qpe'l 



hqye'tu night time (modern form hqhe'pi) hqye'l 



Rtaye'tu evening htaye'l: hta'l ehq' 222.15 yesterday 



b.loke'tu summer b.lok, b.loke' 7S 



wani'yetu winter wani'- (wani't'i to live in winter quarters) 



we'tu spring we- (we'hq last spring) 



ptqye'tu fall pH'hq last fall 



to'htiwetuka wq once upon a time (a some time) t-q'wel «<o' hij,wel) 



The following belong to different categories: 



ntip'i'tu both together nup'i' or nup'i'l 



'i'Kqtu it is in fun 'i'hql-'eya to joke 



71 See also pp. 48, 137, for derived adverbial forms. 



78 b.lok-yq'ka to stay in camp in summer; b.loke' -c'okaya midsummer; b.loke'hq last summer. 



