Academy of Sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 59 



The same ending occurs with demonstratives 



'e'tu, le'tu, he'tu, ka'tu, tukte'tu it is here, there, somewhere 

 'e'l, le'l, he'l, ka'l, tukte'l subordinate forms 



Modal 



'ec'e'tu, 'iye'c*etu, le'c'etu, he'c*etu, ka'k^etu, to'k^etu it happens thus 

 'ecYl, le'c'el, he'c'el, ka'k'el, to'k'el subordinate forms 



Temporal 



'iye'hqtu, lehq'tu, hehq'tu, kahq'tu, tohq'tu it is at that time 

 'iye'hql, lehq'l, hehq'l, kahq'l, tohq'l subordinate forms 



'ec'q'tulaKci just then (a very unwelcome interruption), 'ec'q'l subordinate form. 



The demonstrative forms with ka that one visible, express manner rather than place or time. 

 Note: — A number of these forms may be combined with nouns 



t'ima'helu, t'ima'hel indoors 



c'qma hetu, c'qma'hel in the woods 



Cqma'hetu, t'qma'hel in the body, in one's thoughts 



ho'c'okaptu, ho'c'okap the area inside the camp circle (ho' camp circle) 



mak'o'skqtu, mak'o' skql the wild regions (mak'a earth) 



hewo'skqlu, hewo'skql the wild mountains (Re' mountain) 



§ 62. -ya WITH NEUTRAL VERBS 



Neutral verbs when subordinated to other verbs take the suffix -ya; cvc verbs add it directly 

 to the stem; cv and cvcv verbs add it to the terminal vowel, cvc verbs that cannot lose terminal 

 a add -ya at the end. All those ending in changeable a change a to e. Monosyllabic stems throw 

 the accent on the second syllable. Bisyllabic stems including cvc stems that do not lose terminal 

 a, in other words all bisyllabic forms ending in a vowel, that have the accent on the first syllable 

 retain it there. 



Neutral verbs of the cvc type with accent on the first syllable add ya to the contracted stem 

 and throw the accent on the second syllable. 



*nu'ga to be gnarled nuhya ; — (-)ptu'za to be bent over ptusya' : — (-)sa'pa to be soiled sapya ; — *se'ca 

 to be dry selya ; — *cq'ga to be porous cqRya' ; — *ye'ga to be shiny yehya ; — (~)pte'cela to be short 

 ptelye'la or pcelye'la; 'aoptelya shorter 



When combined with instrumental and used as neutrals (see p. 47) they retain the same 

 forms ;kasa'i)ya being blackened by striking; — yuhlo'kya being perforated; — yuo'taya multiplying. 



Neutral verbs of the cvc type that do not lose terminal, unchangeable a are t'q'kaya large; 

 -'a'taya entirely; suta'ya firmly; sica'ya badly (with shift of accent). 



Contractions are not used absolutely regularly. We have: 



(-)i'e'ca it is new, t'elya' and t'e'caya; — (-)si'ca it is bad, silya, silye'la and sica'yela n 



Neutral verbs of the type cvc with accent on the second syllable do not lose the terminal a 

 (See p. 30.) 



(-)suta it is firm, suta'ya; — *p'ica' it is fair, p'ica'ya; — (-)zica' he is rich, 74 zica'ya;- — *Raka' it has 

 branches, haka'ya; — (-)swaka' it is fringed, frayed swaka'ya; — H'eca' it is lukewarm I'eca'ya 



yqka' and yy,ka' do not take the ending ya. 



siik'a'kq-yqk 'u he is coming on horseback; — iyit'k-'ina'Rni he is in a hurry to go to bed 



y%ka' with continuative hq forms the adverb yyka'heya prone, fallen. 



" See p. 60. 



74 Sometimes in slovenly speech wi'tilya being rich in property, instead of wi'ikaya. 



