60 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [memoirs national 



Neutral cvc verbs ending in ya do not contract. They change terminal a to e whenever it is 

 changeable. 



sku'ya it is sweet, sku'yeyela; — spa'ya it is wet, spa'yeyela 



Neutral verbs of the type cv or cvcv add ya. 



skaya' white;' — buya with a deep thud;- — pqyq' with a shout, shouting; — 'ile'ya hq it stands lighted; — 

 c'qze'ya V he stays in an angry mood; — pem.ni'yq slantingly; — kagi'ya ho't'qi his voice appears 

 respectful; — wasi'g.laya 'ece' 'y.' in a resentful mood he stays; — hq'ska it is tall, long, hq'skeya in a tall 

 way 



The following do not form adverbs in ya, but remain unchanged: 



t'a' to be dead; 75 — Hst%'ina to sleep; — c'uwi'ta to feel cold; — 'nspe' to know; — 'li't'y to be injured; — 

 yazq to feel a pain; — watu'k'a to be tired out; — hica'hq 76 to trip and fall; — g.nasty'yq to be crazy; — 

 'isna'la to be alone; — t'ani' it is old (inanimate objects); — sani' to be one-sided (adv. sani'caya 

 one-sidedly); — katka' to choke swallowing; — kq' to be old (animate beings); — skq to melt (ice, salt, 

 etc., not fat); — 'y.' to use, to wear; — hwa to be sleepy, has an adverb tiwaye'la gently, quietly 



Numerals form adverbs with the ending fciya: 



nii'pakiya by twos, ya m.nikiya by threes; co'nalakiya in a few ways; 'o'takiya in many ways; to'nakiya 

 in several, how many ways, hcna'kiya, kana'kiya in these ways (see ena'kiya to quit). 



Bisyllabic stems that retain the accent on the first syllable: 



ma'niyq walking (in a nervous state) ; — hq'skeya in a tall way, at great length 



The suffix -ya may be expanded by the limiting suffix -la and takes the form -yela (-la requir- 

 ing change of a to e). When both forms occur the simple form in -ya refers to a temporary, that 

 in -yela to a permanent condition. 



sapya' 'ahi' he brought it in a soiled condition; — sapye'la 'ec'e'ca it is dirty by nature; — also sica'ya 

 yqka' he sits in a bad position; silye'la yqka' he badly (i. e., he a bad one) sits there 



Often the ending -yela is used instead of -ya, because the latter form is identical with the 

 causative in -ya. (See p. 100.) 



*c'e'pa fat, c'epye'la; — *sa'ka to be hard and stiff and dry, sakye'la; — *se'ca to be dry and dead (wood) 

 selye'la: — *sku'ya to be sweet, sku'yeyela 



In other cases the difference in meaning rides out the form in -ya, p. e., speaking of a person 

 sapya' as an adverb means that the person appears black at the time, perhaps as silhouetted 

 against a bright sky; sapye'la that he is black by nature. 



In stfil other cases both forms are used and the general setting decides what is meant; k*alya' 

 hotly, to cause to be hot; k'alye'la more emphatic adverb. 



A number of neutral verbs can be used as adverbs only in reduplicated form. 



-ga'ta it is branched, galga'lya; lo'pa it is miry, lolo'pyela tender (meat); ski'ta it has a groove, 



skiski'lya; gq to be open, with holes, gqgq'yela; slu'ta it is smooth and shiny, slippery, sluslu'l- 



yela; ha it is unsteady, haha'yela; ge to be gathered in a bundle and held suspended, ge'geya 



In a number of cases both verb and adverb appear only in reduplicated form. 



(,-)sloslo it is mellow, sloslo'yela; — (-)stasta it is slimy wet, stasta'yela; — {-)hoho it is loose at its base, 

 'oho'hoyela loosely held (a tooth, pole) ; — {-)Vot'opa it is slimy like wet skin, VoVo'pyela; — {-)tiktica 

 it is sticky, tikti'lya; — also hi-Rpa'Kpaya to stumble along, used both as verb and adverb 



§ 63. -hq 

 hq' to stand (inanimate objects), is at the same time the continuative enclitic. (See p. 104.) 

 It is used without accent and forms adverbs with demonstratives which, with 'e, le, he, to ex- 

 press continued time; with ka which always refers to something within sight, that can be pointed 

 out, generally space. When used in adverbs hq does not change to he. (See p. 32.) 



76 Veya' to cause to die; VaVa'ya in a relaxed condition; cuwi'ta-t'eyeta to feel frozen stiff; watu'k'a We'yela wearied to death; lVu'Veya worn out by 

 work. 



; « KUM'cahq yy,ka' 'u' falling down now and again he came; cf. yuRi'ca to arouse from sleep. 





