academy op bcibncm] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 61 



lehq-huniyq kazu ' zupisni all this time they have not paid; — tohq'-h%niyq k\ he' kic'i' tqyq' wa% from 

 some indefinite time on (always) with that one well (on good terms) I am (with final tk'a" it would 

 be past time) (ihif,'ni he arrives there; -yq adverbial after n) 



A number of neutral verbs form a secondary adverb with hq which expresses a temporary 

 condition. 77 



ksapya' (always) wisely; ksapya'hq wisely in regard to a special matter; — t'isya' and t'isya'hq firmly 

 placed, reliably, seriously; — b.lesya and b.lesya'hq sanely; — pusya' in a dry state; pusya'hq while 

 still dry; — c'epya'hq while being fat (c'epya to cause to become fat); 78 — t'elya' in a new condition 

 t'elya'hq while still new; — zulya' in a virtuous condition (permanent), zi(lya'hq while being vir- 

 tuous; — t'elya' lukewarm; t'elya'hq while still lukewarm; — loya' fresh; loya'hq (also loya'k'e) while 

 in a fresh state (hide, meat); — 'isto'g.musyahq wac'i'pi' in an eye-closed condition they danced 

 (compare 'isto'g.mus wac'i'hqpi 21.5) 



A few active verbs are used in a similar way in pleonastic phrases. 



na'z\hq na' z{ standing he stands; — 'i'yotakehq 79 yqka' sitting he sits; — yuka'heya yuka tree is in a fallen 

 position (y%ka'hq to topple over) 



After the negative it means "before." 



k'a'te-sni-hq heya'p 'iwa'cu not being hot (before it began to boil) away I took it; — wau'-sni-hq he'c'amu, 

 not I having come (before I came) I did that. 



After the article k\ it signifies "while." 



maga'zu k\hq wau ktesni' , while it is raining I shall not come, also maga zukte c(hq wau ktesni' if it is 

 going to rain I shall not come (when it rains I won't come); — (maga'zu he' c\[hq] oma'kiyaka yo' m 

 it rains when [if] it is so tell me!) 



After the article k'lj, it signifies "while" in the past. 



maga'zu k't^hq' to'kiyani b.le'sni' the rain continuing in the past nowhere I go (when it was raining I did 

 not go anywhere) 



'ic^'hq concurrently with it, past: 



lowq'pi c'q' 'ic'it'hq wac'i' when they sang at the same time he danced 



k'ohq' meanwhile: 



tohq'l lowq'pi c'q' k'ohq' wac'i' whenever they sing meanwhile he dances, lowq'pi k\ k'ohq' wawa c'ikte 

 I'll dance while they sing, wac'i' c'q' k'ohq' p'aka'h%kh%ke s'a when he dances meanwhile he keeps 

 his head habitually nodding 



Many neutral verbs are used as verbs only with instrumental prefixes or in reduplicated form. 

 A considerable number have a neutral meaning when used without instrumental prefixes, but 

 with the continuative suffix hq. All of these seem to express a state which is the permanent result 

 of some action, although not all that may be so interpreted can take the suffix hq. All those that 

 express the effect of an action that has no permanent result cannot take the suffix hq. 



-cvc verbs 



-'%ka, without prefix yuka' i-wqka, wqka' Yankton) it is in a reclining position; yqkyu'kahq (verb and 

 adverb) yqka'hqhq (verb); (wqka'hq Yankton) to be down having fallen (mayq'kahq I am down 

 having fallen) 



-wega; wega'hq it is broken (a pole) ; wehwe'gahq 



-w\za: wiza'hq a supple rod or twig is bent; w%swi'zahq it is supple, limber 



-w(ga; w\ga'hq it is bent sharply and permanently 



-hifh/qza: hi^hy,' zahq it is unsteady, liable to tremble, or rock; hqhq zaheya adverb (also h%sh^ zahq) 



-b.laza; b.laza'hq it is rent, torn open; 6. lab. la' zahq; b.laza'he s'e adverb 



-b.laza; b.laza'hq it is pulled apart (as legs, mouth); yuka'b.lasya adverb 



" Compare static verbs in -A<j, p. 62. 



78 c'epyt'la! how very fat it is! 



" The change of ka to ke before hn is exceptional. 



10 Colloquially hq may be omitted. 



