62 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [MEM Tvo? A xxm L 



-b.laga; b.laga'hq it is spread out in all directions; no reduplication; b.laga'he s'e blatantly (adv.), 



reduplicated b.laga'he se'kse 

 {-)b.le za to be clear-minded; b.lesya'hq and b.lesya' 



-b.leca: b.leca'hq it is shattered (brittle material); b.leb.le'cahq; b.leca'heya adverb 

 -pota; pota'hq it is worn out; polpo'tahq; pota'heya adverb 

 -ptuga; ptuga' hq it is chipped off; ptuptu gahq; ptuga. heya adverb 

 —psaka; psaka' hq it is snapped (rope, thong); psapsa'kahq; psaka' heya adverb 



—m.nim.niza; (m.nim.ni' zahq it is wrinkled (hide); no adverb in heya; yum.ni' m.niza curly, kinky [hair]) 

 -m.niga; m.ni'gahq it is shrunken (more often nam.ni ' ga) 

 -m.nuza; m. num. nu' zahq it is of such consistency as to give the sound of being crushed (hard snow, etc.) ; 



m.nu.m.nu zahe s'e adverb 

 -m.nuza; m. num. nu zahq (the same for coarser material like cartilage); m. num. nu zahe s'e adverb 

 —m.nuga; m. num. nu 'gahq (the same for hard material); m.num.nugahe s'e adverb 

 —luza, a current of water, air flows; lu zahq 81 it is fleet; luslu zahq; luslu zaheya adverb (see p. 63) 

 -suza; suza'hq it has a slight crack; susu zahq; suza'he s'e adverb 

 -zapa; zapa'hq it is torn off in strips; no adverb in -heya 

 -sleca; sleca'hq it is torn in strips; slesle' cahq; sleca'heya adverb 



—sleca; sleca'hq it is cracked (large cracks in logs, stone, bone); slesle'cahq; sleca'heya adverb 

 -suza; suza'hq it is crushed (meat, flesh); susu zahq; susu' zaheya adv. 

 -sloka; sloka'hq something that fits on or into something is off; Oslo' slokahq it is loose in all its parts; 



oslo'kahq (skin) is chafed; oslo slokaheya adverb 

 -g.loka; (g.loka'hq not used) it has a joint loose; og.lo'g.lokahq it is loose in all parts; og.lo g.lokaheya adverb 

 -ksiza; ksiza'hq it is bent on a joint or fold; ksiksi' zahq it is limp, falling into folds or bents; ksiksi'- 



zaheya adverb 

 -k'ica; k'ica'hq the outside is scraped off; k'\lk\ cahq; k'ica'heya, k'\lk'\ caheya adverbs 

 -gapa; gapa'hq it is flayed; no reduplication; gapa'heya adverb 



-guka it is stretched out long so that it remains long (zikzi'ca if elastic) ; guka'hq; guka'heya adverb 

 (,-hica he is aroused from sleep;) hica'hq he trips and falls; hilhi'cahq (adv.) ; hica'hqhq (verb) ; no adverb 



in -heya 

 -huga; huga'hq (a shell, skull) is broken; huhu'gahq; huga' heya, huhu' gaheya 

 -hleca; hleca'hq it is torn (fabric, skin); hlehle'cahq it is ragged; hleca'heya adverb 



cv verbs 



Verbs of the type cv duplicate the second syllable, hq, to express repetition of the condition, 

 the stem syllable if the condition occurs at many places. Those ending in u introduce via before 

 hq. In Santee the wa is often introduced also after other vowels. 



-He it is out of order, disarranged; i'zehq and xze'hq always being out of order; (idiomatically used for 



"always") 

 — pta it is falling to pieces (meat, hide); ptahqhq it is falling to pieces entirely; napta'ptahq; napta ptaya 



adverb 

 -psii; psqwa'hq it is broken at a joint; psif,wa hqhq, psiipsq 'wahq; ps%wa heya adverb 

 -m.na; S2 m.nahq it is ripped; m.nahq'hq (no m.nam.na'hq) 



-sh'O.,- swahq' it is unravelled, unevenly fringed; swahq'hq; oswa' swahq; oswa ' swaheya adverb 

 —sna; snahq to fall off (leaves, beads) 

 -za; zaza'hq it is shredded (frail material); zaza'hqhq 



-spa; spahq' to have small bits falling off (flesh); spahq'hq; spaspa'hq; spaspa'heya adverb 

 —spu; spuwa'hq it is unfastened; spuspu wahq, spuiva'hqhq; spuwa' heya adverb 

 -stq; 'ostq'hq a sore continues open; 'ostq'hqhq; ostq'stqhq river ice has holes 

 -ska: skahq' it is untied; skahq'hq, no adverb in -heya; no reduplication of stem with hq 

 -za; zahe 'ya confused sound; zahe' s'e as though a discordant sound were permanent 

 —zuzu; zuzu'wahq it is all apart; no duplication of hq: ozu zuwaheya 



—z%; zuwa'hq it is uprooted (a tooth has come out of its socket, a post out of the ground) ; zuwa'hqhq 

 (-gwa disintegrated); ogwa'hq it is spoiled (meat, egg), ogwa'gwahq; ogwa'heya, ogwa' gioaheya adverbs 

 -g.la; g.lahq it is unbraided; g.lahq'hq; g.lahe'ya iya he speaks fluently; no reduplication of stem 

 -g.na; g.nahq'hq small things in a row come off (peas, corn, berries that grow in rows); no adverb; no 



reduplication of stem 

 -ksa; 83 ksahq' to be severed (also ksa); ksahq'hq; ksahe'ya ksahe'heya adverb 



81 lu's Hya'yaf go quickly 



M *m.na to give off an odor. 



83 Rarely without prefix: si' maksa' my foot is severed (is off). 



