Academy of Sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 63 



—ga to husk corn, to open out something that is folded together like a bud; only gahe' s'e adverb, harsh 



and loud (gahe s'e p'q' he shouted wildly) 

 -k'q; k'qhq' they are shed (leaves, berries); ok'q'k'qheya, ok'q'heya adverb 

 -hpu; hpuwa'hq (mud or other easily removable material) has come off hpuhpu wahq; hpuhpu'ya, 



hpuhpu yela adverb 

 -htq; htqhq it is porous, absorbent; htqhq hq; litqhe'ya adverb 

 -Maya; hlahq it is peeled off; hlahq'hq; no adverb 



In adverbial forms in ya reduplicated forms in hqhq change to heheya. 



ksahe'heya broken often; — zahe'heya with repeated confused sounds; — zitwa'heheya uprooted frequently 



The verb (-)psica takes prefixes which give it the sense "to make jump." Nevertheless it 

 forms a static verb with the suffix hq. 



psica'hq to be missing; psipsi' cahq to be missing in places (to have jumped out, like grains of corn from 

 a cob, teeth, etc.); psi'cahq he is jumping along, continuative) ; hi 'opsi'caheya with teeth missing, 

 adverb 



The following verbs with obligatory instrumental prefix cannot form neutrals with hq, 

 losing at the same time their prefix. In most cases the adverbial forms retain the prefix and lose 

 terminal a. Stems which occur also without prefixes either as verbs or adverbs or both are marked 

 with an asterisk. Those marked with a double asterisk have a distinctive meaning when occur- 

 ring without prefix. The particular prefix used with the stem, unless illustrated by examples 

 is given in parenthesis. 



cvc verbs 



-yeza he is annoyed, -yes adverb 



-waza it is disturbed, superficially stirred, irritated (p. e., soil by pawing of horses), -was adverb 



-wita it is rubbed on, stroked over, -w\l adverb 



-h{la a surface is cleared off, -h\l adverb 



-b.laya it is leveled out, -b.laya adverb 



-paza a thin skin is extended, blistered, -pas, -pasya adverbs (no) 



-pqza (variant of paza) 



-poga it is inflated, -poh, napo'hya adverbs (na, ka) 



*-ptuta it is sprinkled, generally yuptu' ptuta, yuptu'l strewing on in tiny bits, adverb; ptuptu'lya in small 



amounts 

 -ptuza (S) it is cracked 

 —ps\ta it is in the condition of having been struck with a switch, kaps%ps\l adverb; kapsi'tapi s'e fast 



moving 

 *-p l q'za it is soft and yielding (hay, cotton); p'qsya', p'qsye'la adverb p'asp'q'syela adverb without 



instrumental 

 -p'oza always with -la, kap'o'zela it is light in weight, kap'o syela adverb 

 -lepa it is scalloped at edge, -lep adverb 



*-lopa it is soft, miry -lop; lolo'pa it is overdone, so as to fall to pieces, without instrumental 

 **-luza air or fluid is in motion, -lus, -lusya adverb; lu'zahq he is a fast runner (see p. 62) (ka, yu by 



suction) 

 -tepa it is slanting, sloping, -tep adverb, kai'tepya adverb 



*(-tica), only reduplicated (-)iikti'ca it is sticky and soft -tiktil, (-)tiktilya, adverb (see zica) 

 *-tu,pa it is thick and muddy, not sticky, -typ, adverb; also t-qptv^pyq adverb without instrumental; 



l%ptv(pa verb 

 *(-t'apa) only reduplicated (-)t'at'apa it is partly dry (like mud drying up, partly dried meat), -t'al'ap, 



t'at'a'pya (ka) 

 -t'aka H it is blocked, held, locked, -t'ak adverb 



-t'ipa it is shrunk, contracted (muscles in spasm, leather by heat) -t'ip, -t'ipya adverb (yu, na) 

 -tHca it is packed hard (as snow), tucked in, -t'il adverb, opa't'ilya being tucked in, adverb 

 *(-)t'opa, (-)t'ot'opa it is partly dry, no adverb 

 -t'uza he is in stooping position, he has the head bent forward, pat'u's adverb, yupa't'us held stooped, 



adverb (two instrumental) 86 

 -slata it is upright, perpendicular, -slal adverb; opa'slata a sliver goes into the flesh, nasla ta to go about 



stealthily 

 -sluta a long thing protrudes out of a hole, -slul adverb 



84 t*a'ka to parch corn. 



! ' cf. pat'u'ta to bow; paplu'za to bend over so that the back sticks out; (-) ptu'ia 



