66 DAKOTA GRAMMAR tMEM TvoL. A xxiff 



*-za it is agitated, stirred; yuza' to cook porridge (v., adv.); (zahe'ya), zahe' s'e discordantly; -zaza it is 



stirred about in water, it is being washed; za' zaya clearly 

 -g.mi it is weeded, cleared of vegetation (v., adv.) ; yag.mi' it grazes close to ground (like sheep) ; 'og.mi'la 



a bare ground, an opening in the woods 

 -g.ra% it is twisted (v., adv.) 



-kq it is hewed, chopped (v., adv.); only with ka- 

 -k\ it is inclined, of arched form; pak\ (neutral), paki'yq adverb 

 -ko, only as 'iya'ko to gag on account of an unpleasant taste (v., adv.) 

 -kpi noise or condition of snapping (like burning bark, killing bugs, lice, small seeds) ; nakpi' kpiya hq 



(fire) stands making a snapping, crackling, slight popping noise 

 -ksa it is coiled, bent into a coil or closely knit form (v., adv.) ; -ksaya adverb 

 *-kea it is unbraided, loose (as hair) ; kcaya' 'iya' he talks without impediment 

 *-ga it is spread out in all directions, opened out as an ear of corn; gahe' s'e blatantly (see p. 63); 



gaga'ya to cause to crackle and curl up (used only for roasting blown up, dried entrails) ; yuga'ga 



s'e tall and long-limbed, so that arms and legs seem to stand out when moving 

 *-gq it is open like a door, exposed (v., adv.) gq s'e untidy (as if uncombed), gqgq'la it is open work (like 



lattice, embroidery) 

 *—ge it is gathered together (v., adv.), kage' to skim milk, soup; o'(wa)ge (I) veil, encase, kage'ge to sew; 



ge'geya (held) suspended in a container 

 —go it has a line cut into it, is engraved (v., adv.); 'aka'goya blood or perspiration runs down in lines; 



see guhe'ya in the manner of long, narrow lines of porcupine quill embroidery 195.8. 

 -Rpa it is in a low position (i. e., made to fall so that it comes to be in a lower position); (v., adv.), see 



*hpa' it is untidy; hpa' s'e like one untidy 

 -li'i' only yuh'i' it has a rough, chapped surface; yuh'i'ya, yuK'i'yela (adv.) 

 —h'u it is peeled off, like bark that does not come off easily (v., adv.) 



cvcv verbs 



-titq 88 it is subject to a steady force, -titq adverb reduplicated -liktitq (for kilqf) 



*-zamni it is exposed by removal of a cover; zam.ni' s'e said of persons whose garments fly loosely about 

 them 



§ 64. -pi 



The unaccented ending -pi expresses the exclusive dual, he and I, and the plural of the 

 animate subject of a sentence. In simple stems its position is terminal. It does not ordinarily 

 pluralize a single word, but rather a phrase and may appear attached to nouns and verbs. 



It may either precede or follow the diminutive -la: hoksi'pila or hoksi'lapi boys. When ka 

 rather, is a detachable element pi precedes; if it is inseparable pi follows: wo'hitikapi they are 

 greedy. 



It precedes the future kta and all declarative, interrogative and imperative particles. 



It follows -tu which is always firmly connected with the stem. 



It precedes sni not, s'a customarily, hca veiy, and the compound -ktehci. 



The third person plural subject expressed by -pi indicates also an indefinite subject and often 

 corresponds to our passive. 



wanasapi there was a communal hunt 184.2; — ki' cak'iyag.lapi his had been taken away 185.1; kaza'zapi 

 it is slashed 36.2; — t'ahi'spa '%' hqp-ka gegepi s'a with an awl moccasins are customarily made 



Many nouns are verbal forms with the plural ending -pi: Some of these have lost their verbal 

 function and are used as nouns only while others are rather felt as verbal forms. 



Nouns. 



spqka'gapi preserved sweet corn (spq to be parboiled; ka'ga to make); — waki'c'agapi a redistribution 

 ceremony (they make their own things) ; the verbal form wawe'c'aga I make my own things, does 

 not exist); — wi'hpeyapi the ceremony of discarding goods at death ('ihpe'ya to throw away); — 

 c'qka'wacHpi a top (c'q' wood; kawa'c'i to make dance by striking); — he' c'jska'yapi mountain goat 

 (he horn; c'\ska' spoon; -ya to have for); — hoksi'c'qlkiyapi a child-beloved (hoksi' child; c'qte', 

 c'ql- heart; -ya to have for; they have a child for their own heart); — 'iya' pi words, speech ('iya' to 

 speak); — wi'pat'api a piece of porcupine work ('ipa't'a to work in porcupine quills) ; — waksu'pi 

 a piece of bead work (aksu' to pile on; waksu' to do bead work); — p'a'p'ahtapi a doll (p'a head; 

 p'ahta' to tie in a bundle); — wo zapi chokecherry porridge (for other kinds the name of the plant is 



88 Compare (wa)ki'tq to be stubborn; waki'lkitqka a willful man; pati'lq to hold in place by pushing, to brace; reduplicated pati'ktitq. 



