academy of sc.encbs] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 69 



The contracted form suk-ma'nitu wilderness-dog, i. e. wolf, may be understood from the 

 point of view either that it has come to be the formal word for wolf, or that mani'tu is a locative 

 term which, however, in this case has an attributive meaning. 



Possessive relation. — When two nouns are in possessive relation both retain their inde- 

 pendence and their accents. 



s%'ka hi' a dog's tooth; — wag.mu su' pumpkin seed (but wag.mu'-ha rattle of pumpkin rind, but also 

 pumpkin rind); — mat'o c'qte' bear's heart (name); — p'atka'sa ha' turtle shell (but p'alka' sa-hqpa 

 turtle moccasins); — zuze'ca ha snake skin 



When possessives 90 are used idiomatically as names of objects they are firmly united, p. e.: 



ptet'a'wote buffalo its food (a plant); — zuze'ca-t'awo'te snake food (a berry); — heha'k-Vap'e zuta elk 

 medicine (a plant); — t'at'a'wab.luska horse fly (ruminant's bug); — pi'sko-t'ahq'pe lady slipper 

 (night hawk's moccasin); — ho'he-t'ama'hpiya Assiniboine clouds (northern lights); — k'qgi'-t'ame 

 gumbo (k'qgi' crow; me?) 



§ 67. NOUN AND ADJECTIVE 



The adjective follows the noun and is subordinate to it. The adjective is identical with the 

 neutral verb. As a verb it retains its independent accent, as adjective it loses it. 



si^'ka ki t'q'ka' the dog is large, s'n'ka-t'qka large dog; — he' syfka-l'q^ka' that is a large dog, naz%'spe- 

 waste* ki he' ?nit'a'wa' the good ax, that is mine 



but also — 



naz%'spe waste' b.luha" (considered as contracted from naz%'spe wq waste' c'a b.luha" a certain ax is 

 good, it being so I have it) 



Examples of noun with adjective: 



pte'-t'q'ka a large buffalo; — ho'-t'q'ka a loud voice; — 'i'yq-k'aHa a hot stone 174.8; — c'q'-hq'ska a long 

 pole; — 'ape'-sa a red leaf; — sina'-luta red blanket; — hq'pa-t'o blue moccasin; — k'%'ku-win j qhcala 

 his old mother-in-law 240.1; — t'osu'-hqska kj, 'cm' bring the long tent pole! — c'q'-'owa s stecaka woods 

 in which it is pleasant (cf. c'q-'o'wastecaka a place pleasant on account of woods 172.15) 



When noun and adjective are thoroughly amalgamated into one concept, the first stem, if 

 monosyllabic, loses its accent which falls on the second syllable. 



c'e'ga-zi a yellow kettle, c'eh-zi' a brass kettle 



b.le'-ska a lake that appears white at a distance, b.le-ska' a clear lake without vegetation of water plants 



b.le'-h%sma (v.) a furry lake, i. e., full of reeds (as an individual); b.le-hi'sma a lake full of reeds as a tvpe 



(iv.) 

 hiske' «hi-hq'ska) canine teeth (long teeth) 

 hq'-wak'q a holy night, hqwa'k'q northern lights 

 c'q'-wak'q a sacred pole, c'qiva'k'q Sundance pole 



Numerals form an exception to the general rule. Cardinals when used as adjectives follow 

 the noun but retain their accents, nyfp two, and to'p four, as adjectives are always used without 

 terminal a, accented, not in the predicative forms n%'pa and to pa. Ordinals follow the general 

 rule. 



paha'-t'okahe' the first hill; — paha'-'ici'mipa the second hill 244.2 



Present participles of active verbs and those neutral verbs which express a temporary con- 

 dition or one in which the noun presents itself under unusual conditions, which are used in English 

 as adjectives cannot be so used in Dakota. 



wic'i'cala wq wac'i' ki he' 'u' a dancing girl arrived; — wic'a'sa wq 'aki'h'q k\ he' '■q'sike' a certain man 

 that one who is starving is pitiable; — s'%'ka wq 'oc'o'za c'a b.luha" I have a cozy (warm) dog; 

 but sina '-' 'oc' o za wq b.luha' I have a warm blanket; — sifka wq t'e' c\ he'l t'a' hpa'ye a dead dog 

 a dog that is dead, that one lies dead; — su'ka wq nx ki he' a living dog 



Past participles as passive terms are no longer active and are used as adjectives. 



t'alo' -iyohpeyapi ki the boiled meat (lit. meat they throw into the) ; — hq'pa-ksupi ki the embroidered 

 moccasin (moccasin they embroider the); — t'ipi wqlec'a'la 'UH'cagapi a newly erected tipi 16.4 



»° See p. 131. 

 162236° 41—6 



