70 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [MEM TvoL A xxni L 



A few terms forming fixed units omit the pi. 



hqp-'i'pat'a k\ beaded moccasin (in this combination a is unchangeable); — t'i-o'wa a painted tipi 4.13; 

 but sma' owa'pi wq a painted blanket; — s%k-nu'ni or sifk- i' yeyapi a stray horse 



Proper names translated in English as noun and qualifying adjective are in most cases 

 nominalized noun and verb. 



mat'o'-nazi he stands as a bear (not Standing Bear); — k'agi' 'i'yotake Crow Sits; — pte-sq'-'iyotake 

 he sits as a White Buffalo; — 'aki'c'ita na ' z{ warrior stands; — 'aki'c'ita-nazi he stands as a warrior; — 

 mat'o' k'ina'ii bear takes a stand (lit. returning stands) 



The name of Sitting Bull is t'at'q'ka 'iyo'tqke Supreme Bull. Sitting Bull would be t f at f q'ka- 

 'lyotake he sits as a bull or t'at'q'ka 'i'yotake bull sits. 



§ 68. NOUN AND VERB 



As shown in §67 the subject of a neutral verb is not compounded with the verb. 

 The noma expressing the object of a transitive verb is often compounded with the verb, 

 cvc nouns that can be contracted (see p. 34) are used in contracted form. Special objects fol- 

 lowed by k\, wq, etc., remain independent. Compounding is used whenever object and verb are 

 conceived as a unit action, expressing customary activities. 



wq-ka' ' zipa to whittle arrow-shafts; — c'q-le to gather firewood; — c'qli' -wakpq' to cut tobacco; — c'q-pa'ile 

 to make fire with fire drill; — c'q-ka'bu to drum; — pte-kte to kill buffaloes; — pte-a'tyvoq to scout for 

 buffaloes; — p'a-ka's'i he raised his head 13.9; — waha'lka to dress flesh side of hide by scraping it 

 clean; — wah\' (wa)pah,pa (I) knock off the hair (clean off the fur side); — c'qp'a'-kaski to pound 

 fresh cherries into a mash for drying; — c'ap-'o' (wa)le (I) search for beavers; — k'q-ka'kpa to tap the 

 vein for bleeding the sick; — Vosu'-kaksa to cut tent-poles; — s%-m.ni'-k'u to water horses; — s%kma'- 

 nitu-kte pi the}' are wolf-killers; — pte-'a'wqyaka to guard cattle; — c'q-pa'slata to set up posts; — 

 asq'pi-yush' to milk; — maka'-ok'a to dig skunks; — haka'-k'utepi the shooting-the-brush game; — 

 p'a-ka'hiika to nod; — ' aske' -g .luwi to wear hair in braids (men) (literally; to bind one's braids); — 

 si-ca'psq to swing one leg from knee down 90a ; — hoksi'-k'% to carry child on back; — hoksi'-yuha to give 

 birth; — hoksi'-napatayus leading child by hand, adv.; — hoksi'-g.lastaka to whip one's child, corporal 

 punishment of child; — heyo'k'a-ihq^bla to have heyo'k'a as guardian; — mat'o'-'ihqbla — bear — ; — 

 wana' gi-'ihqbla — ghost — ; — ' osni -waki g .leca to feel in the body the portents of cold weather; — 

 m.ni-c'o'p'a to wade (in) water; — m.ni-ya'ikq to drink; — m.ni-t'o'ksu to haul water; — m.ni-na't'aka 

 to make a dam; — 'ikto ' mi-kaga he acts (like) ikto'mi (the trickster) 184.2; — c'qp'a'ksa-'ic'fc'aga 

 to make oneself into a stump 169.19;— hqc'o'kaya-kaga he acts midnight (i. e., goes to bed early); — 

 he'c'a-kaga to act in the manner of that kind 245.4; — hogq'-'ic'a'ga he grows (to be like) a fish 

 168.18; — ho-k'u'wa to fish 



t'a't'e (adv.) hunting deer, may be contracted from t'ahca-k'ute or kte 



The third person plural of active verbs, used for a passive is also employed in compounds. 



'i'yq-kab.le'capi crushed stone (kable'capi they crush it); — 'i'yq-kapem.nipi sling stone; — \kcela- 

 kagapi made cactus-shaped (an ornament) 



In some terms of this class the noun and verb remain independent: m.ni' hiyo'ya to go to get 

 water; — m.ni' 'aku' to bring water; — m.ni' fa' to die by drowning. 



§ 69. NOUNS, CLASSIFIERS 



A number of nouns in abbreviated form (or their primary stems?) are used in compounds as 

 classifiers. The consciousness of their derivation is not always clear as is proved by those cases 

 in which the noun is obscured by metathesis. Examples are: 



wqsma'hi for mas-wq'hi (metal arrow tooth) iron arrowhead; — nakp'q' for nap-k'q (hand-sinew) wiist 



Abbreviated nouns: 



'qp- daylight; — 'qpt'a'niya air of early morning (niya' breath); — ' qpo waste caka an agreeable day> 

 best part of the day ; — 'q'pa-o 00b dawn; —'q'po'wqka (two accents) very early (adv.) ; — 'qpe'tu daytime 



00 »feapsq' to oscillate, — koza to swing, brandish, wave. 

 iob Day shoots. 



