72 DAKOTA GRAMMAR IMemoI [ H vol a £siii l 



c'e occurs often initially in words expressing parts of the body, but neither c'e nor the following part of 

 the word can be analyzed except in a few cases; — c'e' penis; — c'ehu'pa jaw; — c'eg.na'ke breech cloth 

 (g.na'ka to lay on); — c'e(iva')sli (I) defecate (sli to slide through a narrow opening); — c'eb.lo'hu 

 clavicle (b.lo ridged; hu bone); — e'etu'te femur (uncertain whether the two t's are aspirated or 

 not, from e'eca-hu'te leg base); — e'eska' chest; — e'ezi' tongue; — e'eca' leg, from hip joint down; — 

 e'ekpa' navel; — e'ekpa' ag.nake afterbirth ('ag.na'ka to lay on); — e'ehpi' flesh (as opposed to spirit) 



c'a occurs also in terms for parts of the body; c'aka' palate; — c'agu' lungs; — c'ana groins. In some 

 cases c'a seems to mean leg; c'a'e'g.le to set down the leg, i. e., to take a step, c'a-g.le'pi a step; — 

 'ac'a'ksj, to step ovei (ks\ curved like a crescent); — in a tale is found c'e wis c'a'-was'aka nac'e'ce\ 

 how indeed leg-stout doubtless! i. e., how untiring his legs must be! 



c'q occurs also in terms for parts of the body; — c'qte' heart; — c'qkpe' knee; — c'qk'a'-hu spinal column; — 

 c'qtk'u' chest (c'qte'-k'u heart below) 



Rta- evening;- — htawo'ta to eat the evening meal; — Rlao'mani to walk about in the evening 



Certain cv nouns are treated in the same way. 



wq arrow; — wqi'yukeze implement for grooving arrow; — wqye'ija to go hunting with bow and arrows; — 

 wqhi' arrowhead (tooth); — wqhi'sa percussion caps (sa red); — wq't'o blue racer (a snake) (t'o 

 blue); — tuqsa'ka sticks for making arrows (sa'ka to be dry and stiff); — wqsma'hi iron arrow head 

 (Metathesis for maswq'hi); — wq'zu quiver (zu full) 

 wa- indefinite object is often used to designate the bear; — waha bear skin; — wahu'topa the four-legged 

 one, i. e., the bear in sacred language; — wahu'nupa the one with two legs, i. e., a man with a bear 

 guardian 



he' horn; — heha'ka elk (branched horns); — heyu'ga stag (spread out horns); — hei'kpa tips of horns; — 

 hec'a'nicela a yearling colt, heyu'ktq a buffalo with bent in horns (horn bent in) ; — he'hlogeca hollow- 

 horned buffalo;- — he'slusluta smooth-horned buffalo; — hehu'tela dull-horned buffalo 



he' mountain, the country away from rivers and camp; — Re-'i'm.niza a hill consisting of rock; — he-'i'kpa 

 top of mountain, brow of hill (Santee); — Re-'o'hlat'e base of mountain; — hewq'ka hoar frost; — 

 hewo skqtu deserted places; — Reb.lo' upperridge of a mountain chain; — Reska' Big Horn Mountains; — 

 ho'puza dry wilderness (he'-'o-pu'za); — ho' ski Bad Lands (-ski gathered, curled, rough) 



ha' skin; — RaRu,'ia rope (rough skinned); — ha'sapa Negro; — haya'ke, haya'pi clothing 



ho' voice, tune; to howl (only with verbs); — ho (ma)bu (I) have a low voice; — ho' (ma)gita (I) have a 

 strained voice, hoarse; — ho(iva')hpa (I) cough, have a cold; — ho' p'imiciya or ho'p'imic'iya I clear 

 my throat; ho'p'iciya to clear one's throat; — ho'hliRli (adverb) in a froggy voice (hli' to have mucus, 

 pus); — ho'ye(wa)ya (I) call out away from here (to make the voice go); — ho'uya to call out to this 

 place (to make the voice come); — ho'yeic'iya to speak audibly, to make a vow (as, to give a sun 

 dance); — ho' {ma)p'esto to have asqueaky, sharp voice (p'e'sto pointed; p'e sharp); — ho' (ma)wak'q' 

 to cry in mourning, to wail (howa'k'q trout) ; — holq' (waho'tqhq) to rave on (even without 

 listeners); — -ho'(ma)t'qi (my) voice is distinguishable, plain; I speak significantly; — ho(wa)t'ii to 

 give forth a natural cry, (used for cries of animals not otherwise designated); waki'yq hot'y.' pi the 

 thunders cry out; — ho'(ma)sna (I) have a ringing voice, like the voice of a good woman speaker; — 

 ho' (ma)hapa I have a soft, husky voice, like that of a timid person who does not like to speak out; — 

 hoa ' g.nag.na(wa)kiya (I) give utterances in spiritual intercourse with a guardian spirit; — ho'ci-lowq' 

 she sings a very high soprano (ci'k'a, ci'k'ala, ci'scila small; cf. cici', cici' la little my thicalbug-a-boos; 

 'aci'la s'e said of a little girl with nice, small features; naci'cila s'e said of mincing steps of a little 

 child); — ho'cila nickname of a woman 



hu' stalk, leg, trunk; — wahu'wapa corn on the ear ('apa to be attached to); — huwo'kahmi inner side of 

 knee joint ('oka'hmi corner) ; — hub.lo' front of shin bone (b.lo' ridge, protuberance) ; — husa'ni one of 

 a pair of legs, socks; — husli' ankle (sli narrowed down) 



p'a' head; — p'a'huhu skull; — p'ahu' round end of anything; — p'ahu'le bridge of nose between eyes 

 (hu'te base); — p'asu nose; — p'ahla'te inner part of nose to posterior nares; — p'o'wiwila fontanelle 

 on infants' head; — p'o'stq (S), wap'o'stq hat ('o'stq to fit in); — p'o'ge nose; — p'o'gohloka nostrils; — ■ 

 p'o'ge Rlo'ka Nez Percys; — p'ohc'q'te septum of nose 



m.ni' water; — m.ni'yatke cup (yatkq' to drink, 'iya'tke drinking instrument;- — m.niyo' paspa to duck some 

 one; — m.niwa'i'icoga water algae (wat'o green plants; 'ico' ga to drift against in a heap) ; — m.niwq'ca 

 ocean ('o'wqca all over); — m.nitq' flood; — m.nit'a'ge foam (t'age' saliva); — m.nisku'ya salt 



e'q' wood; — c'qha' bark (ha skin); — c'qhq'pi sugar; — c'qhu'ta tree stump; — c'qhlo'ga weeds; — c'qwa'pe 

 leaves; — c'qka'ga log; — c'qhu'tk'q tree roots; — c'q'c'ega drum; — c'qna'kpa fungi on trees; — 

 c'qo't'ila a tree spirit; — but c'q'hqpa shoes ( = moccasins made of wood) 



eve nouns which can lose their terminal a or e are treated in the same way. When not con- 

 tracted they retain their accent, ma'za metal, the only word of this type that expresses material 

 (see p. 68) follows the same rule. 



