74 DAKOTA GRAMMAK [Memo, [vol xxi'n 



When the subordinate verb expresses an action that follows in time the finite verb as a 

 purpose or intention (like our infinitives) the verbs are compounded, cvc verbs insofar as they 

 can be contracted are contracted. 



skal-'o'mani he goes about in order to play; — ha' yus-c'i'si I ordered you to take skin off 124.10; — 

 kos-'i'nahni he is in a hurry to wave it; — waka'h-wohitika he has energy to make things 51.2; — 

 'owq' yak-waste" it is good to look at 137.10 



cv and cvcv verbs; when ending in changeable a change it to e. 



k'e-i'yaya he went off to dig it; — tkc-'i' she went to flesh (hide) ; — heye'-'i he airived there to say that; — ■ 

 t'e-kii'za he pretends to be dead 



Verbs with invariable ending enter into the complex unchanged. 



spq-a'p'e he waited for it to cook 174.14; — lowq'-wayu" p'ika he is skilled to sing; — many,' -wac'i' he tried 

 to steal it; — yaliq-oya'kihi you are able to act 107.3; — : 'omd 'ni-yapi they go to wander about 

 87.6; — tuwe ni he c qsni-wasu yyqpi that nobody should do this we have a rule 10.4 



Neutral verbs are rarely used in such combinations. Generally they take adverbial form 

 with the suffix ya and remain independent. 



A considerable number of verbs occur only attached to other verbs. Most of these require 

 loss of terminal a in cvc verbs and change of a to e in cv and cvcv verbs. (See p. 29.) It is 

 rather the meaning of these verbs than any morphological trait that makes them appear as a 

 distinct class. They are parallel to words like "to cease, to begin, to continue," all of which 

 imply or require another verb to which they refer. The position of the pronoun is always as 

 though they were independent verbs, the verb to which they refer being in subordinate form. 

 A sharp line between these and other compounds cannot be drawn. Most of them might as well 

 be considered as compounds with infinitive construction. Examples are: 



c'e'ye-(wa)kinica (I) am hardly able to restrain myself fiom weeping; — ye-i'na(wa)hni (I am) anxious 

 to go 



The only reason why some of them are included here is that they occur as independent verbs 

 with modified meaning. Those changing terminal a of the verb to which they are attached are 

 marked v., those leaving a unchanged iv. 



v -ya to cause 



v -k'iya m to cause by immediate personal intervention, -k'iya differs from -ya in that it expresses causa- 

 tion by personal force exerted upon someone or intentional interference; while ya expresses causa- 

 tion directed upon an object or a less direct causation, often unintentional; — sap-ya' he blackens 

 it; — sap-k'i'ya he causes another one's to be black (sapki'ya he blackens his own); — sap-ye'-ya he is 

 the unintentional or indirect cause of another one's blackening it; — sap-ye' -k'iya he makes him 

 blacken it; — h\hpa'ye-ya he lets it fall unintentionally; — hihpa ye-k'iya he makes it fall intentionally 

 Idiomatically we find: 'u-ya' he sends it here, the wind blows from; 'u-k'i'ya he makes him 

 come," — g.licu-ya he starts him off returning home this way (ku to return); — g.licu' -k'iya to help 

 somebody come down, he induces him to come home; — suk-'i'yqk-k'iya to race horses (to make 

 run) p. 73. For double use of k'iya see p. 100. 



iv -k'iya it is (his) opinion that; miye t'e' hqt'u-{wa)k'iya in (my) opinion it is far; — he' c'etu-(wa) k'iya 

 in (my) opinion it is so; I approve of it; — c'ap'a -(wa)k'iya in (my) opinion he has stabbed it; but 

 c'ap'e' (iva)k'iya (I) cause him to stab it; — miye' hq' ska-(wa)k'iya in my opinion he is tall 



v -kapi to be reluctant to; wae'kiye-(wa)kap\' (I) am reluctant to advise him; nuioe'-(wa)kap£ (I) am too 

 lazy to swim 



v -la, -laka to consider, regard; si'cela, si'celaka he considers it bad 



v -k-qza to pretend to (independent, to forbode) ; 'isti'vie-ky.za' he pretends to be asleep 



v -ut'a 93 to try to (independent, to shoot a gun); 84 eye'-'u(wa)t'a (I) tried to say it; — kat'e'-'u(wa)t'a ( 

 tried to kill it; tke-'u {wa)t'a (I) weigh it (to try, heavy) 



iv -iyut'a to test, try (independent, to measure); sku'ya-'ib.lut'a I tried its sweetness; — ap'a'-'iyut'a 

 he acts as though striking it 



>' Possibly -k'iya may convey the same idea of contact, mutual relation as the prefix k'i. (See pp. 80, 92.) 

 03 This and the next have the same meaning, -ut'a is more formal than -iyut'a. 

 •« Compare $u(wa')t'a I miss shooting. 



