academy of sciences] MOKPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 77 



No. 2] • 



Verbs in ya- and yu- have in the second person subject, first person singular and plural object 

 the normal subject ya in addition to the la- and lu- forms of the respective conjugations. 



maya'lasig.la you hurt my feelings, yasi'g.la to hurt feelings by talking 



' ama yaluta you look at me, 'ayu'ta to look at 



maya'luta you eat me, yu'ta he eats it 



'ama'yala you go taking me, 'a'ya to take along, to go with something 



'■Hya'lusig.lapi you hurt our feelings by an act 



This is not the case for the first person subject second person object. 



'%ni'yuhapi we have you 

 cHyu'sig.la I hurt your feelings 



§ 74. Verbs With Initial Vowel 



Verbs beginning with a vowel have for the first person dual-plural the form 'yk- instead of 'y; 

 those with initial nasalized vowel have 'yk'- provided the pronoun precedes the nasalized vowel. 



'%' to wear as a blanket, dual-plural %k'i'; — 'i'yqka to run, '%k'i'yqka; — '%' to be, to use, \k'% ; — 'it'yq to 

 lose, '%k'%'yq; — '%'pa to lay down horizontally, to put up for the night 'yk'if.'pa; — c l qn%pa to smoke 

 a pipe, c l q,7iii'iik'iipa (second -q very brief, not preceded by a glottal break) 



In all other cases, when the pronoun follows the nasalized vowel and stands before a con- 

 sonant, the usual form y is used. 



'%'macihisni I am lazy, dual-plural 'y,'%cihisni; — 'ti'macikpani I am indolent, Wcikpani; — '%mac'%nica 

 I am paralyzed with fear, excitement, ' , n''nc'i{nica; — 'i^'masika I am poor, '%'iisika; — '■q'si'wah'q I act 

 like one poor, '■n'si-q'h'q: — 'ii'maVii I am hurt, Wt'ii; — '•q'wac'-a I make fun of, ridicule, '"q'%c K a: — 

 '%'wakce I break wind, '%'%kce; — 'i'maskokeca I am his size, he is my size, 'i'l^skokeca you and 

 I are his size. 

 'yspe' to know how to do something, has the first and second pronouns following the 'y, the 

 dual-plural precedes it, but without glottalized k. 

 '•qma'spe I know how, dual-plural \k%'spe 



§ 75. Intransitive Verbs With Objects 



The eight verbs of going V, ya' , 'V, hi', ku', g.la', kH', g.li' and their derivatives, also 



'i'yqka to run, are treated as transitive verbs, but require a locative adverb. 



'e'l c'iya' I go to you (or 'ekta' c'iya'); — 'e'tkiya wic'a'ya towards there he went to them 40.4; — 'ekta 

 maya'g.licu or ekta' maya'g.liyaku there you come back to me; — k\yq' 'e'l mau' flying it came to 

 me; — 'e'tkiya cHi'yqka I run towards you 



Verbs expressing position are treated in the same way, 'y', yaka' , yyka',na'zi&Tidhihpa'ya' 

 The last of these takes the locative a — instead of the adverbs; also the active verb hpaya. 



'ac'i'h\Kpaya I fall on you, (ma)h\ hpaya (I) fall down; — 'akq'l cHyq'ka I sit on top of you; — 'isa'kHp 

 mayq'ka he sits next to me; — 'akq'l c l iyn'ka I lie on top of you; — 'akq'l nac'i' z\ I stand on you; — 

 'isa'k'ip c'iif.' or nisa'k'ip wai{ I stay by you 



§ 76. Neutral Verbs With Two Objects 



In certain neutral verbs which imply comparison two objective pronouns may be combined, 

 but only -nima- I thee, not conversely. Examples are: 



'iye'nimac'eca I resemble you,'iye' (ma)c'eca (I) resemble him, literally: I am thus to you, him; — 'i'nimasko- 

 keca I am as large as you; — 'i'nimaskola I am as small as you; — 'iye'nimahqkeca I am as tall as you, 

 i'yak'iyehqkecapi they are mutually as tall as each other; — 'iyo'nimakip'i I find you congenial, 

 'iyo'kip'i he finds him congenial, 'iyo'nicip'i you find him congenial (not he-you, instead niyo'h'q), 

 'iyo'kip'i he finds his acts congenial, 'iyo'kip'ic'iya I please you; — H'yonimak'ihe I am next to you; — 

 'a'onimapletu I am less (shorter, etc.) than you; — 'iya'c'i to compare, to adopt (i. e., to liken 

 someone to someone else, is active: 'ate' 'ib.la'c'i I adopt [liken] him as my father, takes the form 

 'ini mayac'i he compares me with you, but these are two objects of an active verb) 



'i'tq to be proud of, has both forms, i'nimatq or 'i'c'itq I am proud of you 



