78 



DAKOTA GRAMMAR 



[Memoirs National 

 [Vol. XXIII, 



When the second person is subject, the first person object the dual witb k*i is used (see p. 79). 

 'a'k'iyeiic'ec'eca or 'i'yak'iye%c'eca 88 you and I are both alike, 'a'k'iyec'elya \k\' ; — 'a'k'itiskokeca you and 

 I are of the same size; — 'a'k'iyeithqkeca or 'i yak'i-e%hqkeca we are equally tall; also 'a'kHlec'eca, 

 'a'kilec'elya resembling each other, 'a'kile%c'eca we two (cf. s'e ye'c'eca, s'e le'c'eca) 



wani'yetu V kHyeunakeca we are equal in years, lacks the form in nirna. 

 § 77. Independent Personal Pronoun 



The independent personal pronoun is derived from the objective pronouns contracted with 

 , i, perhaps an old third person. It appears in three different series. One simply emphatic, 

 another adversative emphatic, are derived from the objective pronoun and the indefinite demon- 

 strative e connected by a glide, the second series being strengthened by the adversative suffix s 

 or k'es. 9S * (See p. 146.) A second adversative series presupposes an antecedent and consists of the 

 objective pronoun with i followed by the adversative s. Examples are: 



I 



thou 



he, she, it 



thou and I 



he and I, and we (more than two) 



you 



they 



Simple em- 

 phatic series 



miye 



niye' 



'iye' 



'■qki'ye 



'■qki'yepi 



niye' pi 



'iye' pi 



Absolute adver- 

 sative series ' 



miye s 

 niye's 

 'iye' s 

 '%ki'yes 

 'tiki' yes 

 niye's 

 'iye' s 



Adversative 

 series follow- 

 ing antecedent 



mi s 



ni's 



'i's 



'qki's 



'qki's 



ni's 



'i's 



1 Also unaccented: miyei-eya I also; — 'iyestuk'a lucky for him! 



miye' wai' I arrived there (and no one else) 



miye'i m.ni'kta 1 T , „ . . . .. , . 



. ,,, . .,,, ?I shall go (no matter what others mav do) 



miye k es m.n\ kia\ 



t'ib.lo' wica'lasni Ik'a mi's 'iyo'w{waya my elder brother was unwilling but I was 



t'ib.lo' mak'a yub.lu' nq mi's wo'waiu my elder brother ploughed and I planted 



The adversative element may also be attached to the conjunction and in this case the simple 

 emphatic forms are used: 



tHb.lo' wica'lasni tk'a's miye' 'iyo'wiwaya (as above) 



§§ 78-98. Position of Personal Pronouns 

 § 78. monosyllabic stems 



It is not possible to give absolutely consistent rules for the position of personal pronouns. 

 All pronouns, subject, object, indirect objects and possessives are placed in the same positions, 

 excepting the possessives of neutral verbs and of active verbs without object. (See p. 88.) 



Monosyllabic stems of the type v, cv, cvc, or ccvc always prefix the pronoun. The two 

 last-named groups have as terminal consonants p, t, c, k, z, z, g, w or y. (See p. 11.) 



§ 79. STEMS WITH INITIAL VOWEL 



All verbs beginning with a vowel, except those consisting of a single vowel, and verbs of the 

 type vc, have the pronoim following the vowel. The only exception is the first person dual- 

 plural which precedes the vowel when the object is second or third person singular. When the 



g3 This and the following are contracted from i'yak'i. 

 »>• Perhaps from kj 'es. 



