academy op sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 79 



object is third person plural, the single initial vowel remains in initial position. The initial 

 vowels are probably all locative prefixes, 'a, 'i, '0. 



'ali' he steps on, climbs, \ka'li we - him; 'awi'c'a^i "> we - them 



'iyu't'a he tries, measures, '■qki'yut'a we - him; 'nvi'c'cmyut'a we - them 



'owa' he paints, '%ko'wa we - it; 'oioi'c'tftra we - them 



'ayu'pta he answers him, 'ab.lu pta I - him; \ka'yupta we — ; 'axvi'c'nyupla we - them 



Apparent exceptions are 'u'pa to lay down, way,' pa I lay down, and 'o'ta many, mao'ta I am 

 many (said by a leader) which prefix the pronoun. Both of these belong to the class of cvc 

 verbs and are, therefore, not bisyllabic words. 



In bisyllabic stem complexes following the initial vowel the pronoun retains its proper posi- 

 tion in the complex. 



'ina'hni he hurries, 'ina'uhni we -; — 'ona'R\ he hears about it, 'ona'ifh'% we -, 'ond wic t, qh'%pi we — 

 them; — 'iha'kta he is loath to leave him, 'iha'%kta we -, 'iha'wic\kta we - them; — 'aho'p'a he pays 

 respect to him, 'aho'iip'a; — 'op'a'hta he ties it into a bundle, 'op'a'iihta; — 'oc'e't'i he builds a fire 

 in it, 'oc'e't'i; — 'ok'i' pat'a he pieces it together, 'ok'i'iipat'a 



§ 80. STEMS WITH TWO INITIAL VOWELS 



When the stem is preceded by a combination of two vowels (locative prefixes) these retain 

 their initial position also when the subject is first person dual-plural, the object second or third 

 person singular. 



'ai'hqb.la he dreams of him, 'ai't^hqb.la; — 'ai'sikc'i he gets out of patience with him, 'ai'tisikc'i; — 

 'ai'capa to hold mouth open for something, 'ai%capa; — 'ai'c'aga it grows on him, he grows up on it, 

 'ai'qc'aga; — 'ao'kaki he peers around at him, 'an'%kaki; — 'ao'kiyapi they confer, 'ao'qkiya; — 

 'ao'hom.ni he goes around him, 'ao\hom.ni; — 'iyapehq he wraps it around him, 'iya'iipehq; — 

 'iya'%pa he blames him 'iya'%k'%pa 



An exception is: 



oi'hqke to be ended '%ko'ihqke 



probably because it is derived from Hhq'ke end, and not directly from hake' piece. 



Locative prefixes are often contracted, either among themselves or with other elements. 

 In these cases the accent is on the first syllable and the verbs are treated like those with un- 

 contracted prefixes. 



'i'p'i to be satisfied with food, 'i'tip'i; — 'i'm.na he is surfeited, oversatisfied with it, 'i-qm.na; — 'i'm.naka 

 he is confident of another's efficiency, competent, 'i'%m.naka; — 'i'yokteka he scolds him, 'i'yo%kteka; — ■ 

 'o'p'a he joins, takes part in, 'o'tip'a '; — 'o'm.na he smells of it, 'o'%m.na; — 'o'ge he covers 

 him as with a sheet, 'o'-qge; — 'o'hi he reaches, touches it as result of an effort, 'o\hi: — 'o'kihq 

 he is (that much) younger than he, 'o\kihq: — 'o'kiya he assists him, 'o'ukiya; — 'o'k'iztipi they 

 assemble, 'o'%k'izupi; — 'o'ska she wraps porcupine quills around strips of raw hide, 'o'i{ska 



Here belongs also: 



'%'c'a he imitates him '■q%c t a 



Verbs with intial V, always derived from ai or aki, are treated in the same way. 



'e'ktyza he forgot it, 'e'%ktnza; — 'e'g.naka he lays it by, 'e'x^g.naka 



§ 81. STEMS WITH PREFIX k'i 



The reciprocal in its widest sense expresses the mutual relations between two objects acted 

 upon. It expresses not only the concept of actions which two or more individuals perform upon 

 each other or one another but also those performed jointly and those in which two objects are 

 brought into mutual relation. In this last sense it may express contact or separation. 



It is formed from the obsolete stem k'i which appears in adverbial form as kicH'ca to be with. 

 (See p. 138.) The k'i appears in unmodified form with the locatives 'a and '0. 



» wic'au may be contracted in all cases to wic'v/. 

 » But op'a' to go by way of- litco'p'a. 



