80 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [MemoI [vol A xxih 



We find the following forms: 



The prefix k% into two parts. The position of the pronoun is the same as that found in 

 locatives, except that the first person dual-plural follows the same rule as all other persons. The 

 k ( does not change after pronominal i. (See p. 15.) 



k'ica'ksa he cuts it in two by striking; ik'i' nicaksa he - thee; k'iif,' kaksa we two - him; k'iwi'c'itkaksa we 



two - them 

 k'iwo'ksa he breaks it in two by hitting from a distance; k'iwo\ksa we two - it; k'iwo'wic'%ksa we 



two - them 

 'ok'i'casleca he splits it in two; okH' wakasleca I - it 



The prefix kH in contact. With this meaning k'i is preceded by the pronoun, whenever the 

 k'i is not separable from the stem, or when the stem with k ( i has a special meaning. The &' 

 of k% changes after pronominal i. (See p. 15.) 



wak'i'ksq I wrestle with him; nic'i'ksq he - with thee, (-)ksq to be bent, ksq'ksq to wriggle; — ivak'i' skata 

 I challenge playfully; — 'owa'k'iyal court, address someone; 'oi'ya to talk, grumble about; — wak'i'% 

 (for k'i\'), I pelt him; — ivak'i' za I fight somebody; — wak'i'ge I scold somebody (Santee) ; — wak'i' paz\ 

 I oppose someone and try to harm him, 'i'paz\ to resist an impulse, to force against; — wakH'yuse 

 I bully someone, 'ik'u'se (n.) to be hindered; — k'iyu'ha (anima's) copulate, yuha to be attracted 

 by a person, drawn by affection to a person; — k'isle (wa)ya I commit rape (preceded by wi woman, 

 or by nominal object) ; — 'iye'k'iya to send to, 'iye'ya to send; k'ipaza to fold, requires an instru- 

 mental prefix and the pronoun stands, according to the character of the prefix, but preceding k'i; — 

 'o'k'izu to come together in assembly, 'o'u^k'izupi we assemble (intrans.) 



When the stems occur without kH and the k'i is preceded by a locative the pronoun follows 

 kH. 



'ok'i'ivapat'a I piece together several things, 'ok'i\pat'a we piece it together; — 'ak'i'ivakaska I fasten 

 together; — 'ak'i'yuha to carry jointly, ak'i\yuha we carry jointly, kicH' 'ak'i'b.luha or kic'i' 

 'awa'k'iyuha I - with him; — 'akH'yuza to hold jointly; — 'ak'i'yutitq to pull jointly (in opposite 

 directions), 'ak'i'patitq to push jointly, compare 'ak'i'ptq 'ec'14'pi they did it together; 'ak'i'ptq 

 '•qkakat'api we acting together pile soil on it; kic'i' '-' ' awak'iptq with him I cooperated on it; — 

 'ak'i'g.na (adv.) a shot passed through; — 'it'a'k'ig.na 2 piling bodies one on the other (adv.) 



Here belong also the reciprocal forms of verbs expressing comparisons. (See p. 78.) 



'a'k'iye%c'eca we two are alike; — 'a'k'i%skokeca we two are of the same size; 'a'k'iyehqkecapi they two 

 are equally tall 



§ 82. STEMS WITH INITIAL CONSONANT 



The pronoun is prefixed in bisyllabic verbs with initial b, p, p\ p'; I, t, t'; s, s', s; g, k, k l , k'; 

 g, h, h'; h. 



Exceptions are few and in most cases it may be assumed that they are compounds. 

 In the labial series we have infixed pronouns in — 



b.lo-ka'ska to hiccough (b.lo protuberance) 



b.lok-yq'ka to stay in camp in summer (b.lok- summer) 



both obviously compounds. 



p'a-Kla 8 to tie up a bundle, is treated as though it were a compound of p'a head; but is derived from 



the obsolete stem p'aga to be gathered in a bunch 

 iu-t'a to miss aim, is probably derived from sil-'ut'a to hit badly, which would take the pronoun after 



initial u 

 slo't'a to be a good worker (only used for women), a colloquial term, prefixes the pronoun, although it 



may possibly be derived from sla'-ot'a to be covered with grease (like a woman working meat) ; 



this may be a chance similarity 



Exceptions in the k series all begin with k'o and are presumably compounds. 



k'o-ska' (S) to be a young man;- — hqk'o'-kp'a, hqk'o'-kip'a he is afraid at night; — k'o'-ya to include; — 

 k'o-ya'ka to wear an ornament, fine clothing; — k'og.li' to be translucent, has no first and second 

 persons, but would probably belong here; — k'o-ki'p'a to fear, is a verb in p'a and has the pronoun 

 and the obligatory dative ki preceding p'a 



1 Probably for 'it'q'k'ig.na; compare Ht'a'amik for 'Wqanuk on each side of body, 'it'a'wokSq for 'U'q'woksq around body; also conversely a Santee 

 proper name t'qipq'duta for t'awq'duta scarlet arrow. 



3 Compare op'a' {wa)Uta (I) take in a sight as a whole, Santee, Assiniboine. 



