academy op sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 81 



The prefixed position of the pronoun before kH expressing mutuality or meeting; and its 

 position following k'i expressing separation have been discussed before. 



k'ii'yqka to run a race has the regular double pronoun of iyq'ka, k'iwa'im.nqka I run a race 

 A number of irregularities occur in verbs with initial h and h'. 



hta-ni' to toil, htawa'ni I toil 



wa-hta'ni to sin, waya'hlani you sin; contains undoubtedly the indefinite object wa 



h'%'-t'a to be exhausted and h\'-kpani to give out, be exhausted before completing a work, the former 

 neutral, the latter active, may be contracted from h'q-i[-t'a lit. to die by means of action, and 

 h'q-ti-kpani to be inferior to it by means of action (see 'a'okpani it is less than it) 



h'qhi' to be slow, tardy, a compound of h'q to act, prefixes the pronoun 



Exceptions in verbs with initial h are also presumably compounds. 



haki'kta to look back hawe'kla I look back; — iha'kta to be held back by attraction iha'wakta I am -; — 

 hqb.le to fast for a vision hqwa'b.le I - (see i-hq'b.la to dream, probably contains hq night); — 

 ho-hpa' to cough (ho voice); — hi-g.nu to singe (hi fur, feathers); — he-pa to argue, fight against 

 someone (he antlers, horns?) 



§ 83. STEMS WITH INITIAL Wl 



Some bisyllabic verbs with initial m prefix, others infix the pronoun. There are very few 

 verbs beginning with mv. All beginning with m.n prefix the pronoun. 

 Infixing: 



ma'-ni to walk, ina-wq to steal 

 Prefixing: 



mima! to be circular, disk shaped (cf. g.mig.ma to be spherical) ; — mi(wa')g.naka (I) wear in belt, may be a 

 compound of mi- knife; — m.ni' ' (%k)iciyapi we are having a meeting, is contracted from m.na-i'c'i- 

 yapi; — 'a(ni')maste the weather is warm (for you), may have the pronoun prefixed on account of 

 the preceding locative a 



§ 84. STEMS WITH INITIAL t* 



Many verbs with initial V infix the pronoun; but all seem to be compounds. 



t l a-p'a' to follow in the path of (see p. 83, verbs in p'a); — t'a-o'pi to be wounded (t'q body, often heard as 

 t'a; they shoot the body) ; — t'a-go'sa, t'a-so'sa to spit (Cage' saliva; evidently formed from t'age'-soSa' 

 roily saliva) ; — t'a-kpe' to meet as enemies, to fight (usually adverb) (perhaps, to puncture body?) ; — 

 t'o-ksu' to haul to another place (t'ok different, ksu to pile); — t'o-ki'c'v^to take revenge (t'ok enemy, 

 kic'u to use one's own); — t'e-sla'ka to wear about the head (usually adverb); — t'o-ka'p'a to be the 

 elder of two; also mat'o'kap'a (this does not belong to the verbs in p'a, p. 83, all of which are active) ; 

 also mat'o'kahe' I stand first 



The following prefix the pronoun: 



t'qi' it is apparent to sight or hearing, mal'q'i I am in sight; — I'qni' to be old, mat'q'ni I am old; — t'ak'i' 

 to be out of vertical position, to slant (as a pole, tree) , does not occur with first and second person 

 pronouns 



§ 85. STEMS WITH INITIAL C, C c , C' 



Usage in verb stems with initial c, c', c' is very uncertain. 

 Infixing: 



c'e-%'pa to roast by fire (c'e?; %pd to lay down) ; — c'e'-kiya to pray to, entreat, address by kinship term; — 

 c'e-t'i' to build a fire; — c'o-k'i' to roast in ashes (c'o kernel, corn); — c'o-kyf to threaten the life of 

 someone (k% to covet); — c'a-p'a' to stab; — c'o-p'a' to wade 



Prefixing: 



(wa)c'e'ya (I) weep; — (ma)c'u'unta (I am) cold; — (ma)co'nala (I am) few (said by a leader on behalf of 

 his followers); — (ma)ci'k'ala (I am) small; — (ma)ci'scila (I am) small 



