82 DAKOTA GRAMMAR '""ToSS 



[VOL. XXIII, 



Prefixing or infixing: 



c'q(ma')ksi or (ma)c'q'ksi (I am) cranky (contains c'ql- heart); — c'q(ma')ze or (ma)c'q'ze (I am) angry 

 (contains c'ql-) ; — (ma)c'a'tka or c'a(ma')tka (I am) left handed; — (ma)c'a' ske, sometimes c'a(ma')ske 

 to assume by mistake a position of honor (Y); (I am) an eldest son (Santee); — (ma)c'e'kpa, 

 rarely c'e(ina')kpa (I am) one of twins; — sic'o' (ma)k'ala or si(ma')c'ok'ala (I am) barefoot 



§ 86. STEMS WITH INITIAL W 



Very few bisyllabic stems begin with w. Most verbs beginning with wa have this syllable 

 as a prefix which precedes the pronoun. To this group may belong vxt(ya')cH (you) dance. In a 

 few cases this prefix seems to have become firmly united with a monosyllabic stem, so that it has 

 lost its identity. 



waste good, (ma) wa ste I am good. The stem ste appears in maste' the weather is good, huste' lame 



(peculiar in the legs) ; and in the related wahte'sni not good 

 wak'q wonderful, sacred (ma)wa'k'q I am holy, may perhaps be interpreted in the same way 

 wqzi' to be one, mawq' zi I am one, prefixes the pronoun 



Usage is variable in: 



(ma)wqk'ala (I am) fragile, in delicate health, but c'qlwq'(ma)k'a (I am) sensitive (c'ql- heart); — 

 wa(ma')sicu (I am) a white man, cunning, a guardian spirit, Y (ma)wa sicu I am garrulous, 

 talkative 



§ 87. INSTRUMENTAL^ TO, WO, na, na 



The instrumental wa, wo, na, na are followed by the pronouns. 



§ 88. INSTRUMENTALS ka, pa, pU 



The instrumentals ka, pa, pu are preceded by the pronouns. 



§ 89. STEMS WITH INITIAL 71 



Verbs beginning with na except those of the type cvc infix the pronoun. These cannot have 

 the instrumental na- by an inner force, because they have the. active pronoun. 



na(iua')wizi (I am) jealous; — na(wa')pca (I) swallow it; — na(wa')p'\ (I) wear it around neck; — na(wa')tq 

 (I) charge in battle; — na(%')sa (we) go on a communal hunt; — na(wa')si^ (I am) with (my) feet in 

 a certain direction (this contains na- with the feet); — ?ia(wa')t'aka I lock a door, block the way; — 

 na' z\ (nawa z%) to stand up; — na(wa')zica (I) run away; — na(wa')m.ni I turn about and return 

 without reaching my objective; — na(xva')h\ (I) hear it; — na(wa')hma (I) hide it; — 'ina'(wa)hni 

 (I) hurry 



The verb 'ina'piskqyq, {nape' hand, 'i by means of, skq' to move, ya to use for) is treated in 

 the same way, so that the word nape' hand, is split; ina'-piskqyq. 



napi' to have an oily taste does not occur with first or second person; — na'ka a muscle twitches (cvc 

 verb) mana'ka my muscle twitches 



Other verbs beginning with n prefix the pronoun. 



(wa)ni'ya * (I) breathe; c'uw\ o(wa')kiniya (I) sigh deeply; — i(ma')nihq (I am) scared (monosyllabic 

 with continuative hq, see nih%' [mi]ciya I am in a state of panic); — (ma)n\yq (I am) inflamed; — 

 (ma)ni'ca (I) lack; — (wa)n%'wq (niwq' Santee) I swim on or under water; — (wa)nu'ni (I) lose (my) 

 way (see warm accidentally, g.nu'ni to lose one's own); — (ma)n%' za (I am feeling) soft (like an 

 enlarged gland); — (ma)rm' za I feel soft (like cartilage); — (ma)nu'ga I have callus of bone (nu'ga 

 to be gnarled); — n\ skokcca<J,e-\skokeca to be this large forms nima skokeca 



* ni (wa') ya to save, does not belong here. It contains the stem ni to live; ya to cause. 



