84 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [MEM TvoL A xxin 



§ 94. VERBS COMPOUNDED OF NOUN AND VEEB 



Verbs compounded of a noun and a verb leave tbe pronoun in the position where it belongs 

 in relation to the verb. 



p'o'(wa)s% I wrinkle my nose (p'a-'o-si); — p'a(wa')kahiika I nod (p'a head); — p'o' (wajm.nam.na I shake 

 my head (p'a head); — 'islo (wa)g.muza I blink with my eyes ('ista' eye); — c'qti'ya'(ma)p l a my heart 

 beats (c'qte' heart); — c'q(ma')ze I get angry (also mac'q'ze);- — sic'o' (ma)k'ala I am barefooted (si 

 foot, si[ma']c'ola bare); — hu(ma')ste lame (hu leg); — 'ai'(wa)capa I hold mouth open for ('i 

 mouth); — nap(ma')zanisni I am given to petty thievery (my hand is not healthy, nape hand); — 

 t'qc'o (ma)k'ala I am without wraps, outer clothing {t'q body);' — ho(wa')Kpa I cough; — ho (ma)t'qi 

 my voice is audible; — ho' (ma)bu I have a low voice; — c'e(wa')sli defecate (c'e a prefix for some 

 body parts); — ivi(wa')pat'a I make a tipi cover (wi a prefix for tipi); — c'qwa'(ya)ksa you saw wood 

 (c'qwood); — c'q(wa')le I provide firewood; — c'qni('qk , 'qpa we two smoke; — lo(wa')c'\ I am hungry 

 (lit. desire food lo); — b.lo(wa')kaska I hiccough (6Jo?); — h{(wa')g.n% I singe off hair or down (h{ 

 hair); — t'u(wa')kaspa I cough up slime; — nn'h(ma)pq my ears ring (nu'ge ear, pq to shout); — 

 c'qksi' he is cranky, c'q(ma')ksi I — (c'qte' heart); — c'qlwq'k'a he is a coward, c'qlma'wqk'a I — (also 

 c'alwq mak'a, c'qlwq'nik'a, probably on account of the lack of the combinations In, Im) 



To this group belong the demonstratives V, le', he', ka', p. e.: 



le(ma')hqyela this finishes me; — le(ma')hqkeca I am this tall; — le(ma')tqhq I am from this place; — 'iye'- 

 (mi)cic'etu it is suitable for (me); — he(ma')c'a (I) am that kind; — le(ma')c'eca I am like this; — le- 

 (ma')c'ala I am of recent times, young 



§ 95. SUBORDINATE VERBS 



Compounds consisting of two verbs insert the subject pronoun before the second verb, the 

 first verb being treated like an adverb. 



skal 'oma'wani I travel playing 

 skal- o' mawani I go about to play 



Compositions of this type occur particularly with verbs of motion and position. 



heye'-i he went to say that, heye'-wai I -(not ver} 7 idiomatic) ; — c'ok'a-g.W he comes back without any- 

 thing, c'ok'a'-xuag.li I -; — wo'g.lak nawa'zi I stood talking, wo' g.lak-nawa' z\ I stood for the purpose 

 of talking 



Verbs of arriving, V, hi', k%', g.li' take also first position and are followed by the pronoun. 



'ak'i' wab.luzaza on arriving home there, I washed things 

 'ag.li' waniyazq on arriving home here you became sick 

 'ahi'uskatapi on arriving here we play 

 'e'nist\mapi on arriving there you fell asleep (e'>ai) 



The forms and meanings of compositions have been treated at another place (pp. 67 et seq. ; 

 see also p. 157). 



§ 96. COMPOUND VERBS 



A few compound verbs use the subject pronoun with both verbs. 

 Some derivatives of ya to go, are used with double pronouns. 



kaa'ya he takes it to him, waka'ya or waka'b.la I take it to him 



ki'caya he takes another one's without his sanction, we'caya or we'cab.la I take his without his sanction 



ki'cicaya he takes another one's with his sanction, we'cicaya or we'cicab.la, I take — 



kae'yaya he starts taking another's, waka' eyaya and waka'eb.lab.la, I start — 



kihi'yoya he goes after it for him, waki'hiyoya or waki'hiyob.la, I go — 



ki' cihiyoya he goes after another one's with his sanction, we' cihiyoya or we'cihiyob.la, I go — 



Other verbs using double pronouns are: 



i'yqka he runs, wa\'m.nqka I run, yai'nqka you run, i^k'i'yqka you and I run 



With the verbs 'i', hi', k'i', g.li' expressing arrival preceding the finite verbs yuka', to lie, 

 i'yotaka to sit, hpa'ya to lie, hq to stand (inanimate objects), na z\ to stand (animate beings), 

 yqka' to fall to doing something, both verbs may take pronouns. 



