academy of science] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 85 



(wa)g.li'-naz% or (wa) g .li -na{wa) z\ (I) come back to where (I) belong and stop 



(wa)k'i yotaka or (wa)k'i (b.l)otaka (I) arrive back where I belong and sit down 



(wa)k l i'-yiika or (wa)k'i-(m)uka (I) arrive back where I belong and lie down 



'e'-i(m)i{ka (I) arrive there and lie down 



g.li'yotaka 7 he returns here to where he belongs and sits down, wag .li' yotaka or wag.li'b.lotaka I return 



to where I belong and sit down 

 k'i'yotaka he arrives going back to where he belongs and sits down, wak'i'b.lotaka I - 

 u'yq he loses it, wau'b.la 8 I -, yau'la you -, c'i%'yq I - you, maya\la you - me 



A doubling of pronouns without the obvious presence of two verbs occurs in a few cases, the 

 dative forms being followed by a subjective pronoun. 



oki'yaka he relates it to him, owa'kib.daka (Assiniboine, Teton generally owa'kiyaka), owe'ciyaka or 



owe'cib.daka I tell for him (Assiniboine) 

 wqya'ka he sees it, roqwe' ciyaka or wqwe'cib.laka I see for him 

 k'oya'ka he wears an ornament, a standard, k' owe ciyaka or k'owe'cib.laka I wear his honor-badges 



§ 97. NOUNS 



The following nouns insert the pronoun: 



'Ihq'kV%wq a Yankton, 'Ima'hqkt'uwq (also idiomatic: 'Ihq'kl'qwq hema'c'a; better still 'Ihq'kt'q wq-wima"- 

 ' c'asa,-wima' yq) ; — 'it'q'c'q chief, lord, leader, 'ima'Vqc'q; — 'Ikto'mi, 'Ikto' the trickster, 'Ima'ktomi 

 (also Ikto' mi-w\ may q, etc. (woman), both forms used; — wasi'cu guardian, medicine-bundle, white 

 man, iva?na'sicu (see wasi to order one to work for); — waki'yq thunder, wama'k\yq (also waki'yq- 

 wiina'c'asa); — ivak'q'heza child, wama'k'qheza (also wama'k'qyeza); — wic'a'sa man, wima'c'asa; — 

 wic'a'Rcala old man, wima'c'ahcala; — wic'i'yela Dakotas not using I, wini' c'iyela 8o you are — ; — 

 winu'hcala old woman, xcima'nuhcala; — w\'yq woman, wpna'yq: — wic'j/cala girl, u'pna'c'icala; — 

 ha'sapa Negro, black skin, ha masapa (or ha sapa-iv\ma' yq) ; — hoksila boy, homa'ksila; — hoksi'cala 

 baby, homa'ksicala; — mat'o' bear, mani'Co (You're a shark at it!) or (You are fiercely angry); — 

 Lak'o'ta a Dakota, lama'k'ota (also mala'k'ota) ; — k'oska'laka young man, k'oma'skalaka; — wik'o'ska- 

 laka young woman, wima k'oskalaka — T'i't'%wq a Teton, does not insert the pronoun, maVi't'%wq 

 (or Vi 'Vi^wq-uyima' c' asa) 



The following are verbal forms: 



'aki'c'ita camp police, 'ama'kic'ita (from 'a(wa')k'ita I look around for); — 'ou'papila infant in cradle 

 (little one wrapped tightly in it), ' oma' qpapila 



Children playing might also use such terms as: 



'ima'gmu I am a cat 



The feeling for such nouns may be understood from the following cases: 



'ale'tka a twig, maa'letka I am a twig (a younger member) of a great family, 'ama'lelka he is a twig on me 



(i. e., he is a young member of my family) 

 heha'ka branched antlers, elk mahe haka I am a member of the elk society (but better heha'ka 'o'wap'a 



I joined the elks), hema'liaka would be said by the animal elk, I am with branched antlers 



§ 98. DOUBLE VERBS 



In transitive compound verbs, expressing either synchronous or successive actions, both 

 verbs having the same subject, the objective pronoun stands with the subordinate, the subject 

 with the principal verb. This occurs most frequently with suffixed verbs. (See p. 74.) 



wqma ' yak-yahV -na* z\ you stopped (na' zi) on your way coming (hi) to see me; — wqma'yak yahi' -na z\ just 

 as you arrived on your way coming you saw me; — 'ama'g.le-pHca it is best to take me home 9 ; — 

 'ic'i'kte-waka'pi I am reluctant to kill myself 



? H'yotaka he sits. With 't "to arrive going" no compound verb is formed; wai' nq 'i'b.lotaka I arrive there and sit dowa 

 8 Instead of the dual wic'u'k'iwq we lose them, the expression to'k'i iftpe'wic'iiyci we left them somewhere, is preferred. 

 80 Literally talking man's language. 

 6 Compare ta' kuye-map'icasni to have for anything I am not good (I am useless). 



I622ae°— 41- 



