86 DAKOTA GRAMMAR CMBM Tvo? A xxra 



When the subject is first person singular, the object second person, the combined pronoun 

 stands with the subordinate verb and the subject is repeated with the principal verb. 



' ac*i' p' e-waki nica I could hardly restrain from striking you; — wqc'i' yak-wac'qmi I hope to see you; — ■ 

 c'ikte'-ivakapi I am reluctant to kill you; — c'ikte'-uwcft'a I tried to kill you; — mac'i'nii-wahi" I 

 have come to steal you; — 'awa'mac'inij. 'oma'wani I went about stealing things from you; — 

 c'ici'pq 'oma'wani I went about shouting for you; — 'oc'i'le 'oma'wani I walked searching for you 



With verbs of motion and position the subordinate verb may also take adverbial form. 



acY p' e-nawa* z\ I stood to await you; 'ac'i'p'e nawa ' i\ or 'ap'e'-nac'izi I stand waiting for you; — 'ic'i'- 

 yqh-wahi or Hyy.' h-c'ihi'' I came to ask you 



When the subject of the subordinate verb is the object of the finite verb both verbs have 

 the subject and object pronouns. 



'oi'ye nama yah'ukta '-qspe'c'ic'iya I teach you to listen to my word (the word/you will listen to 

 me/I make you know) 



When two objects are involved, the subject of the finite verb being the same as the object of 

 the subordinate verb, the subject and object of the finite verb remain attached to it, the object 

 of the subordinate verb stays with that verb. 



'ama p'c-c'ic'iya I make thee strike me; — mak'u'-c'isi I order you to give it to me; — want c u-mayasi" 

 you order me to give you something 



When three persons are involved, so that subject and first object belong to the finite, the 

 second object to the subordinate verb, the subject and first object stand with the finite verb, the 

 object of the subordinate verb stays with that verb. 



'ama'p'e-nic'i'ya he makes thee strike me; — 'ani'p'e-wak'iya I make him strike thee; — 'ani' c' eye-way a' 

 I cause him to cry for thee; — nic'u'-wasi I order him to give it to you; — nic'u'-masi' he orders me 

 to give it to you; — ■ni'c'o-masi' he orders me to invite you (k'ic'o to invite); — 'ani'patitqmayu'zahe 

 held me pushing against you; — 'awa'nic'i-'ama^p'e he invited me to join him dancing (trampling) 

 on you; — 'e'l mau'-nisi' he told you to come to me; — 'e'l niye'-masi" he told me to go to you; — 

 'e'l ye-c'i'si I told you to go to him; — 'hetq' ye-c'i'si I told you to go from there 



The last four examples agree in form with the preceding, but require the preceding 'e'l, 'hetq' 

 because V and ya' are intransitive verbs. (See p. 77.) 



A double object occurs in: 



le' 'e'l wic'a'c'ic'u I give you to this one in marriage, probably because ivic'a'k'upi she is given in mar- 

 riage, is felt as a unit 



§ 99. Possession of Object and Indirect Object 



The possession of the object by the subject, and the indirect objects to, on behalf of, instead 

 of, in place of, are expressed by the prefixes ki and kici. The latter may be by origin a doubled 

 ki, the second k being transformed after i into a c. The form ki- (1st dative) implies action 

 referring to an object belonging to a person different from the subject but without sanction 

 or permission of the owner, for instance, "I take his own without his permission," in other words, 

 an action that reflects in some way upon his interest but performed on the initiative of the sub- 

 ject. The form kici- (2d dative) expresses an action done with permission of the owner of an 

 object, an action done on his initiative or in his place. 



