88 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Mdmo^na™^ 



§ 101. THE USE OF ki- FOR BACK AGAIN 



A peculiar use of ki is probably reducible to the dative ki. The possessive forms iki'kcu 

 he takes his own, i. e., he takes it back 47.1, 48.8; HcV he gives his own, i. e., he gives it back; 

 op f e'kit ( % he buys his own, i. e., he buys it back; kic'a' he asks for his own, i. e., he asks it back; 

 kikta' to get up from a lying position, i. e., to be up again; all imply a return to a former state. 

 The first person has the regular possessive form we'. The k does not change to c after e and i. 



A number of other forms which render the idea of return to a previous state are expressed 

 by forms corresponding to the first dative ki, with first person waki. 



(wa)ki'ni (I) revive (ki'cikini his revives); — kiska' to fade (to return to an original white color); — 

 kic'e'pa to become fat again (waki'c'epa-wi June, moon of things getting fat again); — kisa'pa the 

 grounds become black again after melting of snow 



Nouns may be treated in the same way and thus become active verbs. 



(wa)ki'wic'asa (I) become a man again (like a human who in a tale had appeared in animal shape); — 



kiVa'hca she became a deer again 

 (wa)ki w%yq (I) became a (respectable) woman again; — kima'k'a tilled land comes to lie fallow again 

 kiwa'k'qheza has a different meaning: to treat like a child, like something weak and fragile, to humor 



§ 102. POSITION OF POSSESSIVE AND INDIRECT OBJECTS 



The position of all these forms is the same as that of other pronouns. The possessive of 

 neutral verbs and of active verbs without object is expressed by the forms mi'ci- ni'ci- ki'ci-, 

 uki'ci. These precede the locative prefixes and the neutral prefix na- by itself. 



ni'cisni your light goes out 39.12; — mi'cisapa mine is black; — ifki 'cinaz\pi ours stand; — mi'cinag.la 

 mine unravels; — miciiyali mine climbs going there; — ki'ciot'ehika his is expensive; — miciakih'q 

 mine is starving; — ni'ciakisni yours is getting well ('ani'cisni you are getting well) 



The second datives have the same forms but they follow the locatives and the neutral prefix 

 na-. 



mi'ciiyiika mine goes to bed, 'iki' ciyqka she goes to bed for him; — mi'ciot'ehika mine is expensive, 

 wao' kicit' ehika he is stingy, lit. he holds something of his as of high value; — mi'ciiyohi my 

 supply is sufficient, 'iyo'micihi it is sufficient for my use 65.11; — mi ciwac'i mine dances, wami' cicH 

 he dances for me, in my honor; — (mi'cixoog.laka mine makes a speech, correct, but unidiomatic), 

 wo'miciyaka he tells me something pertinent to me, wo micig .laka he makes a speech for me; — 

 miciia mine talks 



In many cases it is more idiomatic to use the possessive pronoun with the noun, instead 

 of the possessive verbal forms. 



mit'a'sitke k\ nap'e" my horse has run away 

 mici'ksi waya zqke' my son is sick 



§ 103. USE OF REGULAR FORMS 



The use of the two forms waki- and we'- and the corresponding forms for second and third 

 persons is exceedingly irregular. Some verbs use consistently waki- for the first dative, we'- for 

 the possessive. Others use both waki- and we'- for the possessive and waki- alone for the first 

 dative, the usage being individually and locally variable; others use only waki- for the possessive, 

 or lack the possessive. Still others lack the forms in waki-. The second dative is regular 

 throughout. 



Many stems beginning with gw, g.l, g.m, g.n, k, k K , k', most of which require instrumental 

 prefixes use regularly we'- for the possessive; waki- for the first dative, excepting, however, those 

 with inseparable ki. 



'ana'-g.waka 10 to kick at; g.mi bald, bare; g. mica to pull hair; — (-)g.mig. ma' round; — *g.mu'kato 



trap; g.mu twisted; g.la unravelled; — *g.le' to have standing by, ready; — (-)g.le pa to vomit; — 



(-)g.le'za to mark with many fine marks; g.nayq to miss (aim); — *g.na'yq to deceive; — *g.na'ka 



10 - stands for the position of the infixed pronoun. Where the symbols - and (-) stand before the stem they indicate, as usual, obligatory or 

 admissible prefixes. *shows that the stem cannot take a prefix. 



