90 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Memo, [ R vol xxin 



FORMS LACKING POSSESSIVES 



Verbs with the forms waki-, yaki-, ki- for both possessives and first datives, 

 (a) Many monosyllabic verbs : 



*V to hit by shooting; — *ba' to blame, censure, waki'ba I blame niy own (deeds) ; — (-)bu a deep noise; — ■ 

 (-)b.lu to be powdery; — *m.ni to spread out to dry (corn, berries, strips of squash; no possessive, 

 because food is not personal property) ; — *k% to covet (fc does not change) ; — *hi' to arrive, waki' hi 

 I arrive at my own, i. e., I reach maturity, fledglings begin to fly; also all other verbs of motion 

 and position 



(6) Verbs with terminal -p*a. (See p. 83.) 



(c) Verbs with initial vowel not separable from the following stem complex, or with transitiv- 

 izing locatives. (See p. 45.) 



'aii' to lay on fire; — 'ab.le' za to notice; — 'ap'e' to wait, 'iya'wakip'e I wait for him; 'awe'cip'e I wait for 

 it for him; — 'ale za to urinate on; — 'ali' to step on; — 'alo'wq to sing, 'awa'kilowq I sing or arrange 

 song for my own, I sing for his; ive'ciloivq I sing his praises at a dance; — 'ana'-tq to charge, 

 hurry to; — 'ana'-slata to creep up to something; — 'ac'e'-sli to defecate on; — 'as' a' to jeer, shout at 

 (1st dative missing); — 'ascu to be self-conscious in relation to opposite sex (datives missing); — 

 'ac'e'ya to cry on account of; — 'ani'ya to breathe on . . . ; — 'akta'sni to reject, disregard 

 something; — 'aksi'za to refuse to surrender something; — 'aksu' to pile on; — 'akH'ta to look for; — 

 awa'-litani to sin against (htaxca'ni I toil) ; — ahni'yqyq to be aflutter with emotion (joy or anger) 

 'i% to apply (as an ointment); — 'ilia to ridicule, to laugh; — 'i'm.naka " to admire 

 'owa' to write (possessive in S. W. Teton owe'gwa); — 'o(na')-ha to force in (with foot); — 'ohq' to wear 

 on foot (=to stand in [not with meaning "to cook"]); — 'oho'm.ni to circle around something; — 

 'o'm.na to smell in; — 'ole' to hunt; — 'olo'ta to borrow; — 'ot'i' to dwell in; — 'o'ska to wind quills 

 around strips of rawhide; — 'oc'o'za to heat by . . .; nao'xcakic'oza I heat my own; nawa'kioc'oza 

 I heat for him; — o'g.muza to shut in; nao' wakig.muza I shut in my own; naica'kiog.imiza I shut 

 it in for him; — o'ge to cover with a sheet 



When the stem following the locative prefix belongs to any of the classes discussed in 

 §100, p. 87, it follows the rules of that class; for instance, 'ope'm.ni to wrap around, has 

 as possessive owa'kpem.ni, as under verbs with initial p. 



(d) A considerable number of verbs that cannot be classified lack the we'- series and use 

 waki- for both possessive and for 1st dative: 



-w\za to bend down smooth (grasses, etc.) (ow\za to use as bedding); hom.ni to be revolving; — ■ 



-hqht{za to vibrate, shake (a flat, horizontal object 11 "); b.laya to be level, unfolded; b.laza 



to be rent, torn; — (-)b.laska to be flat; b.laga to be opened out all around (like an umbrella) ; — 



(-)b.leza clear, sane; — -b.leca to be shattered; — (-)psi'ca to jump; — *la to ask for; — *la to 



esteem (dependent verb); suza to splinter, crack into small pieces; — wa-si' to employ; — (-)coco 



to be soft, like mud (but ona'wecoco); — (-)kpa' to puncture; ksiza to puncture; — -gapa to be 



flayed; gq to open (as a door) (*gq' to have untidy hair); go to mark up; hpu to be 



crumbled; — (-)hW to growl 



iye'-ya to find; ya (dependent verb) to cause; iye'wakiya possessive; iye'wak'iya 1st dative; — he-yii' 



to pack; — ma-niff to steal; — p'a'ta to butcher 



VERBS USING REFLEXIVES INSTEAD OF POSSESSIVE 



According to Dakota concepts certain objects, particularly natural objects and food, can- 

 not be personal property. For this reason the possessive forms cannot be used and reflexives 

 take their place. (See p. 103.) 



'ozu' to plant, 'omi'c'izu I plant for myself; — wazu'zu to slaughter a buffalo, wami'c'izuzu; — 'ih'q' to 

 cook, 'imi'c'ih'q (regular when used in its broader meaning "to handle"); — wasle'ca to slice (bread), 

 wamic'isleca I slice for myself; — 'ohq to cook, 'omi'c'ihq I cook for myself (regular when used in its 

 literal meaning "to stand in") 



" With ending ka differentiating it from 'i'(ma)m.na 1 am surfeited. 

 "• mic'i'tnihuza I bestir mysell. 



