academy of sc.ences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 97 



In adverbial forms direction is expressed by the finite verb of motion. 



kah'o'l 'iye'ya he throws it thither {'iye'ya he causes it to arrive going) 

 kah'o'l hiyu'ya he throws it hither (hiyu'ya he causes it to arrive coming) 



§§ 116-136. IRREGULAR VERBS 



§ 116. Neutral Verbs With Initial 'i 



Neutral verbs beginning with i elide the vowel of ma- and ni- and leave the accent on the 

 second syllable. 



miMi'ma, nisljfma, 'isl%'ma, '%ki'st\ma to sleep 20 

 Reflexive verbs in ic'i- and ig.l- (forms of the verbs with initial y) belong to this class. 



mic'i'ba, nic'i'ba, 'ic'i'ba, '%ki'c'iba to blame one's self 

 'ami'c'ip'a, 'ani'c'ip'a, 'ai'c'ip'a, \ka'ic'ip'a to strike one's self 

 mig.lu' zaza, nig. lu' zaza, 'ig.lu zaza, ' \ki ' g .luzaza to wash one's self 



The independent pronouns are formed in the same way: miye' , niye' , 'iye' ; mi's, ni's, 'i's. 



§ 117. Verbs With Terminals 



Verbs ending in u insert wa before terminal hq. (See p. 62.) 



ps%wa'hq it has come to be spilled; — pfywa'hq it has become disjointed; — spuwa'hq it has come off (as a 

 button, knob, tassel); — hpuwa'hq it has fallen off (something that adheres, like a mud nest of swal- 

 lows, scabs) ; — z%wa'hq its roots are loose in the ground; — zuzu'wahq it has come apart so that it is 

 in pieces; — 'og.mu'wahq it has come to be in a gurgling condition inside (as a germinated egg) 



§ 118. Verbs With Apparent Irregularities Due to Nasalization 



ya' to go 



Before the future Ma and the connective nq, ya takes the form yi and nasalizes its pronouns 

 before the nasalized vowel ; mn < Cb.l; n<Cl 



m.ni'kta, n\kta, '■qyi'kta to go (future) 



'i'yqka to run 



The initial b.l of the first person becomes m.n, the initial I of the second person becomes n 

 before the nasalized vowel of yqka. Besides this wa- and ya are prefixed. 



wai' m.nqka, yai'nqka, 'i'yqka, \k'\'yqka to run 



we' ci\yaka, ye'ci\yqka, ki'ciiyqka, '%ki'ciiyqka to run instead of somebody or for somebody, with his 



sanction 

 yq'ka to weave (Santee; Riggs, p. 33); to be skillful in porcupine quill, bead work (Yankton) is treated 

 like 'i'yqka; m.nqka, nq'ka, yq'ka, '%yqka 

 The forms are regular, the apparent irregularities being due to phonetic laws. Initial md 

 of the first person becomes mn, the initial d of the second person becomes n before the nasalized 

 q of the stem. 



§ 119. Verbs in yu- (Santee) 



In Santee the instrumental prefix yu- is generally omitted in the dual plural. 



yustq to finish; '%stq dual (Riggs Grammar; in Dictionary erroneously given as imperative only, p. 28) 

 In Teton and Yankton the dual is regular: 'uyu'stq. 



J0 u'st\ma adverb, see p. 102. 



