104 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [MB * fvo? A xmL 



Verbs with initial y (or y taking the pronouns bl, I) and those with the prefix ka have 

 the reflexive forms mig.l, nig.l, 'ig.l, 'ykig.l related to the possessive forms. (See p. 87.) 



mig.lu'ha I support (have) myself; — mig.lu'ska I clean myself; — ig.lu'hlahlata he clawed himself 

 repeatedly 40.3; — mig. la' waste I praise myself; — mig.la'hq (kahq) I gash myself; — igla'itom.ni 

 he made himself dizzy 45.2 



t'ig.la'ga to pitch one's own tent is formed from Vi-ca'ga as though ka were an instrumental 



The same reflexives are used for indirect objects: wami'c'iksa I cut myself or I cut for myself 

 (for my own use). 



Verbs in ya-, yu-, ka- may form double reflexives. 



mig.la'sica I complain of bad treatment, mic'i'g.lasica I speak badly of myself; — tqyq' ig.lu'za he dresses 

 well, sica'ya ig.lu'za he dresses badly, ic'i'g.luza he holds on to it for himself; — mig.lu'stq I am 

 through, mic' i' g .lustq I finish it for myself; — kasu'ta to harden by striking, ig.la'suta he hardens 

 himself, ic'i'g.lasuta he hardens it for himself 



On the whole these double reflexives express indirect reflexives. 



Reflexives in which ic'i changes to ici' after nasalized vowels: 



q-ic'i contracted to ici: skq to be active, ski'ciya to move, struggle, ski' miciya I struggle; — m.nayq' to 

 collect, m.ni'ciyapi they assemble; — nih\ciya (instead of nihq' -ic'iya) to be scared 



'oic'i contracted to %ci: '■u.'cihisni to be lazy (instead of 'oi'c'ihisni he is unable to help himself); — 

 'oki'kpani to fail, q'cikpani (instead of 'oi'c'ikpani) to fail one's self, i. e., to be lazy 



kte' regular, except one specialized form: ic'i'kte he kills himself (regular); ici'kte he kills himself by choking, 

 hanging 



§ 139. CONTINUATIVE 



The continuative is expressed by the unaccented suffix hq (from hq' to stand) in Teton; by 

 yqka to sit, in the singular, by yuVq in dual and plural in Yankton. 



p'e'ta ki 'ile'ya he" the fire stands burning; p'e'ta fcj 'ile'he' the fire continues to burn 



' oma 'ni-yahq sk'e" it is said he was going about to travel 1.1; — 'eya'hqpi they were saying 20.3; — 'isto'- 

 g.mus wac'i'hqpi with closed eyes they were dancing 21.5; — 'e'l wi'yukcq yqka'hq ske" there cogi- 

 tating he was sitting it is said (lit. sitting he stood!) 23.6 



Yankton: 



'qkc'yayuk'q we (dual inclusive and plural) were saying; eha'duk'q you (plural) were saying; eya'yuk'q 

 they were saying 



San tee: 



c'e'ya-yqka she was crying R 145.8 



Another form of the continuative which rather stresses the existence of an individual or 

 object in a certain condition is formed from the contracted verb and the verb '% to exist. 



psi'l \'pi they exist (are) jumping about 48.1 ni' '%' he is alive 15.8 



'y' to exist, is used for living beings; 'ic'a'ga to grow for plants, both to express permanent 

 existence. 



he'l \" there he lives, exists; or he'l 'oqfye there he has his place of existence; — mak'a akq'l 'li'pi k\ 

 those who existed on the earth 2.14; — tqyq' 'op \' sk'e" nicely with them she stayed 89.7 



'y, is also used to express an activity that is continued persistently while one is occupied with 

 other matters. 



c'e'ya \'pi ke' it is said they were crying all the time (while attending to other things) 13.4; — ma'niyq 

 '■q' he is walking about (e. g. being distracted, roving) 



'y, used for living beings may also take the continuative hq. 



For inanimate objects 'y always implies that they are in a container, like seeds in a melon, 

 clothing in a box, bag or any other container, but not within an enclosure, as within a stockade 

 or corral. 



