Academy of Sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 105 



wqzi' 'icu', 'o'ta 'u' we take one! there are many in it; but wqzi' 'icu', 'o'ta ye take one! there are many 

 (not in a container); — wi'yatke k\ mahe'l m.ni 'u" inside the container is water 



Note. — The verb V is used only for identifying a particular individual. 



le' sit'ka' this is a dog, or fuller le' su,'ka 'eya'pi k\ he'c'a' this is what they call a dog, it is of that kind; 

 but le' su'ka k\ V this is the dog (we expected to see), or le' su'ka k'14 V this is the dog we were 

 talking about; — he' 'ate' V that is my father; — 'ikto'mi he' V it was Iktomi 16.12; — wahle'sni 

 k\ le' e' — the worthless one, this is the one (who — ) 90.10 



§ 140. FUTURE 



The future is expressed by kta which changes preceding changeable a to i. The a of kta is 

 changeable. 



wqya'k\ kta he will see him 



t'{' kte sni he is not going to die 



The future expresses also the obligatory must. An urgent order is formed by adding 

 tako'm.ni whatever may happen. A milder form is: 



yi'kta iye'c'eca it is likely that he will go; yi'kta-iye s c'eca he ought to go 



§ 141. NEGATIVE 



The negative is expressed by sni which changes terminal a of verbs that admit change to e. 

 It is so closely connected with the verb that the adverbial suffix -ya follows the negative. 



sni expresses a special negation; when the negation is general, inclusive, the preceding 

 indefinite pronoun, or numeral, has the suffix ni (in Yankton na). 



luwe' k{ wqb.la'kesni' I did not see who it was 

 tuwe'ni wqb.la'kesni' I did not see anyone 



'%ma' wqb.la'kesni' I did not see the one (but the other one) 

 'i^ma'ni wqb.la'kesni' I saw neither the one nor the other 



wi'yq tuwe'ni wqb.la'kesni' I did not see any woman among them 



wqzi' sni' it is not one (but another number) 

 wqzi' nisni' it is not one (of that group) 



to'k'i m.n{' ktesni' I am not going away, to some particular place 

 to'k'iyani m.n\ktesni' I am not going anywhere at all 



ta'ku wac'i'sni' I have no wants 



ta'kuni wac'i'sni' I do not want anything at all 



ta'k to'k'amtfktesni' I am not going to do anything particular 

 ta'kuni ec' a 'muktesni' I am not going to do anything at all 



The negative interrogative is also expressed by sni which however is not followed by a glottal 

 stop. 



kinas 'ina'-t'oka^p'a k\ kic'i' le'sni in that case, how about my eldest mother's sister going along with 



you? 9.1 

 'oma'yanisni' you are not walking about 

 'oma'yanisni why don't you walk about? 



Also with double negation intensifying the negation: 



'oma'yanisni sni why don't you not walk about, i. e., why don't you stay at home? 9, note 2; — k\s 

 wala'wasni sni why don't you not read? i. e., why don't you stop reading; — 'iyo'k'isni sni why did 

 he not forbid him?; — waya'tesni sni why do you not not eat, i. e., do eat!; — ehq'ni 'esa's b.le sni sni I 

 wish (now) I had not gone; — wqca'k 'e's ug.le' sni sni why not simply not go home, you and I; — he'- 

 c'tisni sni he ought not to do that 



Intensification of the negative by repetition of sni occurs particularly in adverbs. 



'ec'i' snisniyq; 'ekta snisniyq wrongly, adversely; — 'it\'snisniyq falsely ('i' mouth; — t'u, to have); — 

 'ista k{ nat'q'isnisniyq with eyes not showing 239.1; — niya snisni all out of breath (adv.) 272.17 



